ملحق:قائمة الحيوانات المستأنسة
من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
(بالتحويل من قائمة الحيوانات المستأنسة)
هذه قائمة الحيوانات التي تم استئناسها من قبل البشر.[1] وتشمل القائمة حيوانات مثل الماشية، الدواجن والحيوانات الأليفة.
القائمة الكاملة[عدل]
| النوع | السلف البري | التاريخ | الموقع الأصلي | الغرض | الصورة | درجة ونوع الاستئناس |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| كلب (Canis lupus familiaris) | ذئب | بين 30000 و15000 ق م[2][3] | شرق أفريقيا | الصيد, الرعي, الرفقة, مكافحة الآقات, اللحم, النقل |  |
أليف; تظهر التغيرات الجسدية حسب الفصيلة |
| خروف (Ovis orientalis aries) | أروية آسيوية | بين 11000 و9000 ق م[4][5] | جنوب غرب آسيا | الملابس, اللحم, الحليب, الجلد |  |
|
| خنزير (Sus scrofa domestica) | Wild Boar | 9000 ق م[6] | الشرق الأقصى, الصين | اللحم, الجلد, الرفقة |  |
|
| ماعز (Capra aegagrus hircus) | ماعز بري | 8000 BC [7] | إيران | milk, meat, fibre |  |
|
| بقرة (Bos primigenius taurus) | أرخص (extinct) | 8000 BC[8][9] | India, الشرق الأوسط, and شمال أفريقيا | meat, milk, leather, power, vellum, transportation, soil fertilization | ||
| Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus) | أرخص (extinct), possibly Gaur | 8000 BC | India | meat, milk, leather, power, vellum, transportation, soil fertilization |  |
|
| Cat (Felis silvestris catus) | African Wildcat | 7500 BC [10][11][12][13] | شرق أدنى | pest control, companionship |  |
tame, some physical changes |
| Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) | Red Junglefowl | 6000 BC[14] | India and جنوب شرق آسيا | meat, eggs, feathers, companionship |  |
|
| خنزير غينيا (Cavia porcellus) | Montane Guinea Pig | 5000 BC[15] | Peru | meat, companionship |  |
|
| Donkey (Equus africanus asinus) | حمار بري إفريقي | 5000 BC[16][17] | Egypt | transportation, power, meat |  |
|
| Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) | بط بري | 4000 BC | China | meat, fat, foie gras, feathers and down, eggs |  |
|
| Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) | Wild Asian Water buffalo | 4000 BC | India, China | power, meat, milk |  |
|
| Honey bee (Apis spp.) | Various | 4000 BC | Multiple places | honey, wax, pollination, meat |  |
|
| حصان (Equus ferus caballus) | Wild horse | 4000 BC[18] | Eurasian Steppes | meat, transportation, power, milk |  |
tame, some physical changes |
| Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) | Wild Dromedary Camel | 4000 BC | شبه الجزيرة العربية | transportation, power, milk, meat | .JPG) |
|
| Silkworm (Bombyx mori) | Silkworm | 3000 BC | China | silk, food |  |
|
| رنة (Rangifer tarandus) | Reindeer | 3000 BC [19] | Russia | meat, milk, transportation, antlers |  |
|
| Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia) | Rock Dove | 3000 BC | Mediterranean Basin | show, messenger, meat |  |
some physical changes |
| Goose (Anser anser domesticus), (Anser cygnoides domesticus) | إوز أربد, Swan Goose | 3000 BC,
1000 BC (Swan Goose) |
Egypt,
Eastern Asia (Swan Goose) |
meat, fat, foie gras, feathers and down, eggs, guarding |  |
|
| Yak (Bos grunniens) | Wild Yak | 2500 BC | تبت | milk, transportation, power, meat, fibre |  |
|
| جمل ذو سنامين (Camelus bactrianus) | Wild Bactrian Camel | 2500 BC | آسيا الوسطى | milk, transportation, power, meat |  |
|
| Llama (Lama glama) | Guanaco | 2400 BC [20] | Peru | transportation, power, meat |  |
|
| Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) | فيكونيا | 2400 BC [20] | Peru | milk, transportation, fibre, meat |  |
|
| Domesticated guineafowl (Numida meleagris) | Helmeted Guineafowl | 2400 BC [21] | أفريقيا | meat, eggs |  |
|
| Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) | Wild Asian Elephant | 2000 BC | Pakistan | power, transportation |  |
semidomesticated |
| Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) | European Polecat, Steppe Polecat | 1500 BC | أوروبا | hunting, companionship |  |
|
| Fancy mouse (Mus musculus) | فأر المنازل | 1100 BC | China | companionship, research |  |
tame, significant physical changes |
| Fallow Deer (Dama dama) | Fallow Deer | 1000 BC | Mediterranean Basin | meat, antlers |  |
|
| Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) | Muscovy Duck | 700–600 BC [20] | South America | meat, fat |  |
|
| Cochineal Insect (Oactylopius coccus) | Cochineal Insect | 700–500 BC [20] | تشيلي, Mexico | red dye | _04_ies.jpg) |
|
| الطاووس الهندي (Pavo cristatus) | Indian Peafowl | 500 BC | India | show, feathers, meat |  |
|
| Barbary Dove (Streptopelia risoria) | African Collared Dove | 500 BC | شمال أفريقيا | show |  |
|
| ببغاءs, Parakeets and Love birds (order: Psittaciformes) | Uncertain[22] | 300 BC | Multiple places | companionship, show, talking bird |  |
|
| Banteng (Bos javanicus) | Wild Banteng | Unknown | جنوب شرق آسيا, Java Island | meat, milk, power |  |
|
| Gayal (Bos gaurus frontalis) | Gaur | Unknown | جنوب شرق آسيا | meat, power |  |
|
| Perro Yaghan (Pseudalopex culpaeus) | Culpeo | Unknown | أرض النار | Hunting, companionship, warmth |  |
|
| Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) | Mandarin Duck | Unknown | China | meat, fat |  |
|
| Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa) | Common Starling | ancient times[23] | India, Australia | companionship, talking bird | _on_Kapok_(Ceiba_pentandra)_in_Kolkata_W_IMG_4297.jpg) |
Raised in Captivity |
| Roman Snail (Helix pomatia) | Helix pomatia | 100 AD? | أوروبا | meat |  |
|
| Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) | الديك الرومي البري | 180 [20] | Mexico, United States | meat, feathers |  |
|
| Stingless Bee (Melipona beecheii) | Melipona beecheii | 180 [20] | Mexico, Amazon Basin | honey |  |
semidomesticated |
| سمك ذهبي (Carassius auratus auratus) | Prussian Carp | 300–400 | China | companionship |  |
some physical changes |
| Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) | European Rabbit | 600 [24] | أوروبا | meat, pelt, fibre, companionship | .jpg) |
|
| تم صامت (Cygnus olor) | Mute Swan | 1000–1500 | أوروبا | meat |  |
|
| Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) | Japanese Quail | 1100–1900 | Japan | meat | -1.JPG) |
|
| Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) | Common carp | 1200–1500 | أوروبا, شرق آسيا | meat, show (koi) |  |
|
| Canary (Serinus canaria) | Atlantic Canary | 1600 | منطقة جزر الكناري, أوروبا | companionship |  |
|
| Fancy rat (Rattus norvegicus) | Brown Rat | 19th century | المملكة المتحدة | companionship, research |  |
|
| American Mink (Neovison vison) | American Mink | 19th century | North America | fur |  |
|
| Ostrich (Struthio camelus) | Ostrich | 19th century | أفريقيا | meat, eggs, feathers, leather, fat |  |
|
| Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) | Budgerigar | 1850s | Australia | companionship |  |
|
| Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) | Cockatiel | 1870s | Australia | companionship |  |
|
| Chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla), (Chinchilla lanigera) | Short-tailed chinchilla, Long-tailed chinchilla | 1930s | أنديز | companionship, fur, research |  |
|
| Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) | Zebra Finch | 20th century | Australia | companionship |  |
|
| Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) | Turquoise Parrot | 20th century | Australia | companionship, show |  |
|
| Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), Dwarf Hamsters | Syrian Hamster, Dwarf Hamsters | 1930s | Syria | companionship, research |  |
|
| Domesticated silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) | Red Fox | 1950s | Soviet Union | pelt, research, companionship |  |
tameness, some physical changes |
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) | African clawed frog | 1950s | جنوب أفريقيا | companionship, research |  |
|
| Diamond Dove (Geopelia cuneata) | Diamond Dove | Australia | companionship |  |
||
| Central Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) | Central Bearded Dragon | 1970s | Australia | companionship |  |
minor physical changes |
| Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus) | Eclectus Parrot | 1980s | Australia, إندونيسيا, غينيا الجديدة, جزر سليمان | companionship |  |
|
| Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) | Greater Rhea | 20th century | South America | meat, eggs, feathers, leather, fat | ||
| Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) | Emu | 1990s | Australia | meat, eggs, feathers, leather, fat |  |
|
| Degu (Octodon degus) | Degu | 1990s | تشيليan أنديز | companionship, research |  |
|
| Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) | Gerbil | 1950s | أفريقيا and آسيا | companionship, research |  |
|
| Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) | Green Iguana | 1990s | South America | companionship, meat, leather |  |
|
| Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) | Axolotl | 20th century | Mexico | research |  |
|
| Andean Marsupial Tree Frog (Gastrotheca riobambae) | Andean Marsupial Tree Frog | 20th century | الإكوادورian أنديز | companionship, research |  |
|
| Australian Green Tree Frog (Litoria caerulea) | Australian Green Tree Frog | late 20th century | Australia | companionship |  |
|
| Argentine Horned Frog (Ceratophrys ornata) | Argentine Horned Frog | late 20th century | الأرجنتين | companionship | 1.JPG) |
|
| Cranwell's horned frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli) | Cranwell's Horned Frog | late 20th century | الأرجنتين | companionship |  |
|
| Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) | Leopard gecko | Southeast to central Asia | companionship | minor physical changes |
مراجع[عدل]
- ^ Animal Domestication - Table of Dates and Places of Animal Domestication
- ^ -c.html Dienekes' Anthropology Blog : Dog domestication in the Aurignacian (c. 32kyBP)
- ^ MSNBC : World's first dog lived 31,700 years ago, ate big
- ^ Krebs, Robert E. & Carolyn A. (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31342-3.
- ^ Simmons,Paula
- Carol Ekarius (2001). Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-58017-262-2.
- ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID 10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10747069.
- ^ Melinda A. Zeder, Goat busters track domestication (Physiologic changes and evolution of goats into a domesticated animal), April 2000.
- ^ Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa (Sahara), southwestern Egypt.
- ^ Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France [1], (فرنسية).
- ^ [2], domestication of the cat on Cyprus, National Geographic.
- ^ [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html "Oldest Known Pet Cat? 95DOGGIES00-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus"]. National Geographic News. 2004-04-08. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
- ^ Muir، Hazel، “Ancient remains could be oldest pet cat”. New Scientist، 8 أبريل 2004. وصل لهذا المسار في 23 نوفمبر 2007.
- ^ Walton، Marsha، “Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat”. CNN، 9 أبريل 2004. وصل لهذا المسار في 23 نوفمبر 2007.
- ^ West B., Zhou B-X. (1989). [http://www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/publications/dom_chicken.pdf "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication"] (PDF). World’s Poultry Science Journal 45 (3): 205–18. doi:10.1079/WPS19890012. http://www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/publications/dom_chicken.pdf.
- ^ History of the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) in South America, a summary of the current state of knowledge
- ^ Beja-Pereira, Albano, et al. (18 June 2004). "African Origins of the Domestic Donkey". Science 304 (1781). doi:10.1126/science.1096008. PMID 15205528. [New Scientist Lay summary].
- ^ Roger Blench, The history and spread of donkeys in Africa بي دي إف (235 KB)
- ^ The Domestication of the Horse; see also Domestication of the horse
- ^ Domestication of Reindeer
- ↑ أ ب ت ث ج ح D.L Johnson and B.K. Swartz, Jr. Evidence for Pre-Columbian Animal Domestication in the New World
- ^ Guinea Fowl
- ^ Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger E. E., Matsumoto T., Eberhard J. R., Graves G. R., Sanchez J. J., Capelli S., Muller H., Scharpegge J., Chambers G. K. & Fleischer R. C. (2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Mol Biol Evol 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2727385.
- ^ http://www.writers-free-reference.com/10pets.htm
- ^ Interesting Rabbit Domestication History
