كويبو

كويبو خاص بحضارة الإنكا

الكويبو (بالإسبانية: Quipu) أو خيبو (بالكتشوا: khipu) (أحياناً يسمى عقدة الكلام) هي عبارة عن أجهزة تسجيل كانت مستخدمة في إمبراطورية الأنكا والمجتمعات التي سبقتها في منطقة الأنديز. وتتألف عادة من عقد ملونة و منسوجة من خيط أو خيوط من شعر حيوان اللاما أو الألبكة. ويمكن أيضاً أن تكون مصنوعة من حبال القطن و قد تتكون الكويبو الواحدة من عقد قليلة أو من عدد يصل إلى 2000 عقدة أحياناً.

المصادر

• Adrien, Kenneth (2001). Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture and Consciousness. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2359-6.
• The Archaeological Institute of America (November/December 2005). "Conversations: String Theorist". Archaeology 58 (6). ISSN 0003-8113. http://www.archaeology.org/0511/etc/conversations.html.
• Ascher, Marcia

and Robert Ascher (1978). Code of the Quipu: Databook. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ASIN B0006X3SV4.

• Ascher, Marcia

and Robert Ascher (1980). Code of the Quipu: A Study in Media, Mathematics, and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-09325-8.

• Cook, Gareth (January 2007). "Untangling the Mystery of the Inca". Wired (15.01). ISSN 1059-1028. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.01/khipu.html.
• Day, Cyrus Lawrence (1967). Quipus and witches' knots; the role of the knot in primitive and ancient cultures. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press. OCLC 1446690.
• Nordenskiold,Erland (1925). The Secret of the Peruvian Quipus. OCLC 2887018.
• Piechota, Dennis (1978). "Storage Containerization Archaeological Textile Collections". Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 18 (1): 10–18. doi:10.2307/3179387. http://jstor.org/stable/3179387.
• Salomon, Frank (2001). "How an Andean 'Writing Without Words' Works". Current Anthropology 42 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1086/318435.
• Salomon, Frank (2004). The Cord Keepers: Khipus and Cultural Life in a Peruvian Village. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-822-33379-1. OCLC 54929904.
• Salomon, Frank; and Renata Peters(31 March 2007)."Governance and Conservation of the Rapaz Khipu Patrimony"(with collaboration of Carrie Brezine, Gino de las Casas Ríos, Víctor Falcón Huayta, Rosa Choque Gonzales, and Rosalía Choque Gonzales). paper delivered at Interdisciplinary Workshop on Intangible Heritage.Collaborative for Cultural Heritage and Museum Practices, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
• Urton, Gary (1998). "From Knots to Narratives: Reconstructing the Art of Historical Record Keeping in the Andes from Spanish Transcriptions of Inka Khipus". Ethnohistory 45 (5): 409. doi:10.2307/483319. http://jstor.org/stable/483319.
• Urton,Gary (2003). Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-78539-9. OCLC 50323023.
• Urton, Gary; and Carrie Brezine (2003-2004). "The Khipu Database Project". http://khipukamayuq.fas.harvard.edu/.

وصلات خارجية

• Manual of writing in quipus: Apendix. Constructive Logic in Quipus by Miguel Angel Calvo Rodriguez
• The Khipu Database Project at Harvard University (gallery, archives, references, researchers, etc.)
• Quipu: A Modern Mystery
• Speaking of Graphics: The Quipu and Statistical Graphics
• Untangling the Mystery of the Inca
• From Knots to Narratives
• Science: Inka Accounting Practices
• Open / Popular (Ad Hoc) Khipu Decipherment Project
• Open / Popular (Ad Hoc) Khipu Decipherment Project (now on FACEBOOK) على فيس بوك
• History of Counting-PlainMath.Net