فأرة حاسوب: الفرق بين النسختين

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[[File:Computer Museum of America (02).jpg|thumb|Xerox Alto mouse]]
[[File:Computer Museum of America (02).jpg|thumb|Xerox Alto mouse]]


In the 1970s, the [[Xerox Alto]] mouse, and in the 1980s the Xerox [[فأرة ضوئية]], used a [[Rotary encoder#Incremental rotary encoder|quadrature-encoded]] X and Y interface. This two-bit encoding per dimension had the property that only one bit of the two would change at a time, like a [[شفرة منعكسة]] or [[Johnson counter]], so that the transitions would not be misinterpreted when asynchronously sampled.<ref>Richard F. Lyon (1981), [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/parc/techReports/VLSI-81-1_The_Optical_Mouse.pdf "The Optical Mouse, and an Architectural Methodology for Smart Digital Sensors"], Xerox PARC report. "The counters needed for X and Y simply count through four states, in either direction (up or down), changing only one bit at a time (i.e. 00, 01, 11, 10). This is a simple case of either a Gray-code counter or a Johnson counter (Moebius counter)."</ref>
In the 1970s, the [[Xerox Alto]] mouse, and in the 1980s the Xerox [[فأرة ضوئية]], used a [[مرمز دوراني]] X and Y interface. This two-bit encoding per dimension had the property that only one bit of the two would change at a time, like a [[شفرة منعكسة]] or [[Johnson counter]], so that the transitions would not be misinterpreted when asynchronously sampled.<ref>Richard F. Lyon (1981), [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/parc/techReports/VLSI-81-1_The_Optical_Mouse.pdf "The Optical Mouse, and an Architectural Methodology for Smart Digital Sensors"], Xerox PARC report. "The counters needed for X and Y simply count through four states, in either direction (up or down), changing only one bit at a time (i.e. 00, 01, 11, 10). This is a simple case of either a Gray-code counter or a Johnson counter (Moebius counter)."</ref>


The earliest mass-market mice, such as on the [[Apple mouse#Models|original Macintosh]], [[أميغا]], and [[أتاري إس تي]] mice used a [[D-subminiature]] 9-pin connector to send the quadrature-encoded X and Y axis signals directly, plus one pin per mouse button. The mouse was a simple optomechanical device, and the decoding circuitry was all in the main computer.
The earliest mass-market mice, such as on the [[Apple mouse#Models|original Macintosh]], [[أميغا]], and [[أتاري إس تي]] mice used a [[D-subminiature]] 9-pin connector to send the quadrature-encoded X and Y axis signals directly, plus one pin per mouse button. The mouse was a simple optomechanical device, and the decoding circuitry was all in the main computer.


The [[DE-9 connector]]s were designed to be electrically compatible with the [[Joystick#Electronic games|joysticks]] popular on numerous 8-bit systems, such as the [[كومودور 64]] and the [[أتاري 2600]]. Although the ports could be used for both purposes, the signals must be interpreted differently. As a result, plugging a mouse into a joystick port causes the "joystick" to continuously move in some direction, even if the mouse stays still, whereas plugging a joystick into a mouse port causes the "mouse" to only be able to move a single pixel in each direction.
The [[DE-9 connector]]s were designed to be electrically compatible with the [[عصا تحكم]] popular on numerous 8-bit systems, such as the [[كومودور 64]] and the [[أتاري 2600]]. Although the ports could be used for both purposes, the signals must be interpreted differently. As a result, plugging a mouse into a joystick port causes the "joystick" to continuously move in some direction, even if the mouse stays still, whereas plugging a joystick into a mouse port causes the "mouse" to only be able to move a single pixel in each direction.


=== الواجهة والبروتوكول التسلسلي ===
=== الواجهة والبروتوكول التسلسلي ===

نسخة 11:01، 26 يناير 2021

  هذه المقالة عن فأرة الحاسوب. لفأر (من القوارض)، طالع فأر.
فأرة حاسوب افتراضية

الفأرة (بالإنجليزية: Computer mouse)‏ هي إحدى وحدات الإدخال في الحاسوب التي يتم استعمالها يدوياً للتأشير والنقر في الواجهة الرسومية، وتعتمد أساساً في استعمالها على حركتها فوق سطح مساعد. وتحتوي الفأرة الافتراضية حالياً على زرين وعجلة في المنتصف تعمل كزر وسطي.

مكونات فأرة الحاسوب ذي الكرة

تاريخها

قام باختراعها دوغلاس إنجيلبارت العالم بمعهد ستانفورد عام 1963م.[1]

يرجع أول استخدام للفأرة عام 1973 في حاسوب زيروكس ألتو (Xerox Alto) الذي كان من أولى الحواسيب للاستخدام الفردي، وهو الحاسوب الذي استخدمت فيه الفأرة بشكلها القديم وبزرين. بعده حاسوب ليليث (Lilith) من قبل فريق نيكلاوس ويرث في ETH زيورخ. بين عامي 1978 و1980، وجاءت الفأرة في نسخته الثالثة كجزء من الجهاز مع نظام المعلومات ستار زيروكس 8010 في عام 1981. بعد مدة انتشرت الفأرة في الحواسيب الشخصية مثل أبل ماكنتوش وزرين في الحواسيب الشخصية (PC) ولاحقاً تم إضافة عجلة الانزلاق، ومن ثم زيادة عدد الأزرار إلى ثلاثه ثم تم استبدال الزر الأوسط بعجلة ودمج بها هذا الزر وبعض الأنواع الآن تحتوي على أكثر من ثلاثة أزرار وتكون قابلة للبرمجة، وتختص باقى الأزرار لتطبيقات الألعاب أو الرسومات والتصاميم.

الشكل البدائي للفأرة

يمكن تأريخ بدايه الظهور البدائي لفأرة الحاسوب باختراع كرية التعقب عام 1952م على أيدي كل من توم كرانستون وفريد لونجستاف وكنيون تايلور العاملين في البحرية الملكية الكندية، ضمن مشروع داتار، وتكونت كرية التعقب أساساً من كرة البولينج خماسية المسامير، ولم تسجل لها براءة اختراع، ذلك كون الجهاز ضمن مشروع عسكري سري وكانت وظيفة كرية التعقب هذه هي التأشير (أي أنها مؤشر) وقد تم استخدام مصطلح فأرة لأول مرة عام 1965م.[2]

أنواعها

رسم تخطيطي لمكونات فأرة الكرة

هناك نوعان من الفأرة وهي:

فأرة الكرة

ويعتمد في التعرف على حركة الفأرة على كرة داخل الفأرة تدور مع حركة الفأرة وتؤثر حركتها على ترسين صغيرين متعامدين.

الفأرة الضوئية

تعتمد على شعاع من ضوء الليزر أشباه الموصلات المركز أسفل الفأرة ينعكس من على السطح ويتم استقباله على شريحة إلكترونية أشبه بحساس التصوير.

فأرة ضوئية تعمل بليزر أشباه الموصلات

بروتوكول الاتصال والترابط

A Microsoft wireless Arc Mouse, marketed as "travel-friendly" and foldable but otherwise operated exactly like other 3-button wheel-based optical mice

To transmit their input, typical cabled mice use a thin electrical cord terminating in a standard connector, such as آر إس 232C, PS/2, ADB or USB. Cordless mice instead transmit data via الأشعة تحت الحمراء radiation (see IrDA) or البث الإذاعي (including بلوتوث), although many such cordless interfaces are themselves connected through the aforementioned wired serial buses.

While the electrical interface and the format of the data transmitted by commonly available mice is currently standardized on USB, in the past it varied between different manufacturers. A bus mouse used a dedicated interface card for connection to an حاسوب آي بي إم الشخصي or compatible computer.

Mouse use in DOS applications became more common after the introduction of the Microsoft Mouse, largely because Microsoft provided an open standard for communication between applications and mouse driver software. Thus, any application written to use the Microsoft standard could use a mouse with a driver that implements the same API, even if the mouse hardware itself was incompatible with Microsoft's. This driver provides the state of the buttons and the distance the mouse has moved in units that its documentation calls "mickeys",[3]

تصميم الفأرة المبكر

Xerox Alto mouse

In the 1970s, the Xerox Alto mouse, and in the 1980s the Xerox فأرة ضوئية, used a مرمز دوراني X and Y interface. This two-bit encoding per dimension had the property that only one bit of the two would change at a time, like a شفرة منعكسة or Johnson counter, so that the transitions would not be misinterpreted when asynchronously sampled.[4]

The earliest mass-market mice, such as on the original Macintosh, أميغا, and أتاري إس تي mice used a D-subminiature 9-pin connector to send the quadrature-encoded X and Y axis signals directly, plus one pin per mouse button. The mouse was a simple optomechanical device, and the decoding circuitry was all in the main computer.

The DE-9 connectors were designed to be electrically compatible with the عصا تحكم popular on numerous 8-bit systems, such as the كومودور 64 and the أتاري 2600. Although the ports could be used for both purposes, the signals must be interpreted differently. As a result, plugging a mouse into a joystick port causes the "joystick" to continuously move in some direction, even if the mouse stays still, whereas plugging a joystick into a mouse port causes the "mouse" to only be able to move a single pixel in each direction.

الواجهة والبروتوكول التسلسلي

Signals XA and XB in quadrature convey X-direction motion, while YA and YB convey Y-dimension motion; here the pointer (cursor) is shown drawing a small curve.

Because the IBM PC did not have a quadrature decoder built in, early PC mice used the آر إس 232C serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits. The Mouse Systems Corporation version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.[5]

تصميم شركة أبل

Apple Macintosh Plus mice: beige mouse (left), platinum mouse (right), 1986

In 1986 أبل first implemented the Apple Desktop Bus allowing the سلسلة الأقحوان of up to 16 devices, including mice and other devices on the same bus with no configuration whatsoever. Featuring only a single data pin, the bus used a purely polled approach to device communications and survived as the standard on mainstream models (including a number of non-Apple workstations) until 1998 when Apple's آي ماك line of computers joined the industry-wide switch to using USB. Beginning with the Bronze Keyboard PowerBook G3 in May 1999, Apple dropped the external ADB port in favor of USB, but retained an internal ADB connection in the PowerBook G4 for communication with its built-in keyboard and trackpad until early 2005.

الواجهة والبروتوكول لاداة PS/2

لمعلوماتٍ أكثر: PS/2 connector
Color-coded PS/2 connection ports; purple for keyboard and green for mouse

With the arrival of the IBM PS/2 personal-computer series in 1987, IBM introduced the مسماةous PS/2 port for mice and keyboards, which other manufacturers rapidly adopted. The most visible change was the use of a round 6-pin mini-DIN, in lieu of the former 5-pin MIDI style full sized DIN 41524 connector. In default mode (called stream mode) a PS/2 mouse communicates motion, and the state of each button, by means of 3-byte packets.[6] For any motion, button press or button release event, a PS/2 mouse sends, over a bi-directional serial port, a sequence of three bytes, with the following format:

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
Byte 1 YV XV YS XS 1 MB RB LB
Byte 2 X movement
Byte 3 Y movement

Here, XS and YS represent the sign bits of the movement vectors, XV and YV indicate an overflow in the respective vector component, and LB, MB and RB indicate the status of the left, middle and right mouse buttons (1 = pressed). PS/2 mice also understand several commands for reset and self-test, switching between different operating modes, and changing the resolution of the reported motion vectors.

A Microsoft IntelliMouse relies on an extension of the PS/2 protocol: the ImPS/2 or IMPS/2 protocol (the abbreviation combines the concepts of "IntelliMouse" and "PS/2"). It initially operates in standard PS/2 format, for backwards compatibility. After the host sends a special command sequence, it switches to an extended format in which a fourth byte carries information about wheel movements. The IntelliMouse Explorer works analogously, with the difference that its 4-byte packets also allow for two additional buttons (for a total of five).[7]

Mouse vendors also use other extended formats, often without providing public documentation. The Typhoon mouse uses 6-byte packets which can appear as a sequence of two standard 3-byte packets, such that an ordinary PS/2 برنامج تعريف can handle them.[8] For 3-D (or 6-degree-of-freedom) input, vendors have made many extensions both to the hardware and to software. In the late 1990s, Logitech created ultrasound based tracking which gave 3D input to a few millimeters accuracy, which worked well as an input device but failed as a profitable product. In 2008, Motion4U introduced its "OptiBurst" system using IR tracking for use as a Maya (graphics software) plugin.قالب:Relevance inline

يو أس بي

The industry-standard USB (Universal Serial Bus) protocol and its connector have become widely used for mice; it is among the most popular types.[9]

انظمة اللاسليكية

Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via الأشعة تحت الحمراء radiation (see IrDA) or البث الإذاعي (including بلوتوث and واي-فاي).[10] The receiver is connected to the computer through a serial or USB port, or can be built in (as is sometimes the case with Bluetooth and WiFi). Modern non-Bluetooth and non-WiFi wireless mice use USB receivers. Some of these can be stored inside the mouse for safe transport while not in use, while other, newer mice use newer "nano" receivers, designed to be small enough to remain plugged into a laptop during transport, while still being large enough to easily remove.[11]

قبضات الفأرة

طرق الإمساك بالفأرة والتحكم بها فلكل مستخدم حاسوب طريقة خاصة لمسك الفأرة ويوجد ثلاثة تصنيفات رئيسية لقبضات الفأرة حيث لكل قبضة تصميم فأرة مختلف عن التصميمين الأخريين لتجنب آلام اليد وهم:

  • قبضة الكف وهي أكثر مسكات الفأرة شيوعاً حيث تكون راحة اليد منبسطة على سطح الفأرة.
  • قبضة المخلب تعتمد هذه المسكة على تقويس أصابع اليد بحيث تكون أطراف الأصابع هي الملامسة لأعلى الفأرة.
  • قبضة الأصابع هذه المسكة تكون باستخدام إصبعين فقط على سطح الفأرة والأصابع الأخرى تكون ممسكة بالفأرة من الأسفل.

اتصالها بالحاسوب

  1. سلكياً عن طريق منفذ PS/2 أو USB.
  2. لا سلكياً بدون سلك للتوصيل مع الحاسوب وذلك عن طريق تقنية البلوتوث والتي توفر وسيلة لا سلكية لنقل معلومات الحركة من الفأرة إلى جهاز استقبال متصل بالحاسوب.

معرض صور

المراجع

  1. ^ كتاب أسئلة وأجوبة حول الإختراعات، المكتبة الخضراء، ص 11
  2. ^ Hill، Peter C. J. (16 سبتمبر 2005). "RALPH BENJAMIN: An Interview Conducted by Peter C. J. Hill" (Interview). Interview #465. IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2014-10-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-07-18.
  3. ^ "Interfacing to mouse.sys". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2011-08-19. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-10-08.
  4. ^ Richard F. Lyon (1981), "The Optical Mouse, and an Architectural Methodology for Smart Digital Sensors", Xerox PARC report. "The counters needed for X and Y simply count through four states, in either direction (up or down), changing only one bit at a time (i.e. 00, 01, 11, 10). This is a simple case of either a Gray-code counter or a Johnson counter (Moebius counter)."
  5. ^ FreeDOS-32 – Serial Mouse driver نسخة محفوظة 2009-03-02 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  6. ^ Chapweske، Adam (1 أبريل 2003). "Computer Engineering Tips – PS/2 Mouse Interface". Computer-engineering.org. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-03-10.
  7. ^ Retrieved 31 December 2006 نسخة محفوظة 2008-04-08 على موقع واي باك مشين.
  8. ^ "Keyboard scancodes: The PS/2 Mouse". Win.tue.nl. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-12-08.
  9. ^ Gan، Jon (نوفمبر 2007). "USB: A Technological Success Story". HWM. SPH Magazines: 114. ISSN:0219-5607.
  10. ^ "Targus WiFi Laser Mouse | AMW58US". Targus. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-06-24.
  11. ^ Johnston، Lisa. "What Is a Nano Wireless Receiver?". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-09-03.
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