^Who Was Who in the Theatre: 1912-1976, p.944 originally published in annual volumes by John Parker; this 1976 edition published by Gale Research Company
^Great Stars of the American Stage by Daniel Blum c. 1952, this 2nd edition c.1954; Profile #31
^Silent Film Necrology 2nd Edit. p.199 by Eugene Michael Vazzana c.2001
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