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مساعدة:أصد للغة الأيرلندية

من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة

الجداول أدناه تبين الألفبائية الصوتية الدولية (IPA) الخاصة لتلفظ اللغة الأيرلندية في مقالات ويكيبيديا.

الحروف الصامتة
حروف الشدة[1] الحروف الرخوة[2] مثال إنكليزي مقارب
الألفبائية الصوتية الدولية المثال الألفبائية الصوتية الدولية المثال
‎bˠ‏ bain, scuab ‎bʲ‏ béal, cnáib boot; beautiful
‎d̪ˠ‏ dorn, nead ‎dʲ‏ dearg, cuid do (but dental), though in Hiberno-English; dew
‎fˠ‏ fós, graf
pholl 		‎fʲ‏ fíon, stuif
phríosún 		fool; fuel
‎ɡ‏ gasúr, bog ‎ɟ‏ geata, carraig goose; argue
‎ɣ‏ dhorn
ghasúr 		‎j‏ dhearg
gheata 		(no equivalent); yellow
‎h‏[3] Shasana, shean
thaisce, theanga
hata, na héisc 		hand
‎k‏ cáis, mac ‎c‏ ceist, mic coot; cute
‎l̪ˠ‏[4] labhair, balla ‎l̠ʲ‏[4] leabhair, goilleadh filth; million
‎lˠ‏[4] fhlaith, bealach ‎lʲ‏[4] fhleasc, goile pool; leaf
‎mˠ‏ mór, am ‎mʲ‏ milis, im moot; mute
‎n̪ˠ‏[5] naoi, donna ‎n̠ʲ‏[5] ní, bainne tenth; inch
‎nˠ‏[5] dona ‎nʲ‏[5] bainis noon; new
‎ŋ‏ ngasúr ‎ɲ‏ ngeata long; angular
‎pˠ‏ poll, stop ‎pʲ‏ príosún, truip poor; pure
‎ɾˠ‏ rí, cuairt, barr, cairr ‎ɾʲ‏ fhréamh, tirim rule (but tapped); real (but tapped)
‎sˠ‏ Sasana, tús, speal ‎ʃ‏ sean, cáis soon; sheet
‎t̪ˠ‏ taisce, ceart ‎tʲ‏ tír, beirt tool (but dental), thorn in Hiberno-English; tune
‎w‏[6] bhain, dubh
mhór, léamh
vóta 		‎vʲ‏ bhéal, sibh
mhilis, nimh
veidhlín 		woo; view
‎x‏ cháis, taoiseach ‎ç‏ cheist, deich loch (no lock–loch merger); hue (pronounced strongly)
حروف العلة
الألفبائية الصوتية الدولية الأمثلة المثال الإنكليزي المقارب
‎a‏ mac trap
‎aː‏ tá father
‎ɛ‏ ceist best
‎eː‏ mé, Gael pay
‎ɪ‏ ith, duine kit
‎iː‏ mín mean
‎ɔ‏ olc, deoch cloth
‎oː‏ bó, ceol roll
‎ʊ‏ dubh, fliuch good
‎uː‏ tú too
‎ə‏ solas, milis sofa
‎iə‏[7] bia idea
‎uə‏[7] fuar truant
‎əi‏[7] saghas light
‎əu‏[7] leabhar about
القطع
IPA التوضيح
‎ˈ‏ نبرة أولية (توضع قبل المقاطع اللفظية القوية);
عادة في المقطع اللفظي الأول ما عدا لهجة منستر
‎ˌ‏ نبرة ثانوية (توجد فقط في التركيب)

مقارنات مع مشاريع النسخ الصوتي الأخرى

[عدل]
IPA Ní Chasaide (1999)[8]
(Gweedore) 		Quiggin (1906)[9]
(Glenties) 		Breatnach (1947)[10]
(Ring) 		Ó Sé (2000)[11]
(Dingle Peninsula) 		Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[12]
(Erris) 		Ó Siadhail (1988)[13]
(Cois Fhairrge) 		Foclóir Póca (1993)[14]
(Lárchanúint)
a a æ, α a a a æ:, a: a
aː æ α: a: ɑː a: ɑ: a:
bˠ bˠ b b b b b b
bʲ bʲ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′
c c k′ k′ k′ k′ k′ k′
ç ç ç ç x′ ç x′ x′
d̪ˠ d̪ˠ d d d d d d
dʲ d̠ʲ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′
eː e e: e: eː e: e: e:
ɛ ɛ ɛ, e e e e e e
ə ə ə ə ə, ɪ ə ə ə
əi — αi əi ai əi ai ai
əu au αu əu ou əu au au
fˠ fˠ f f f f f f
fʲ fʲ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′
ɡ ɡ g g ɡ g g g
ɣ ɣ ℊ γ ɣ ɣ ɣ γ
h h h h, h′ h h h h
iː i i: i: iː i: i: i:
ɪ ɪ ï, i, y i i i i i
iə ia iə iə iːə iə i:ə iə
j j j j ɣ′ j ɣ′ γ′
ɟ ɟ g′ g′ ɡ′ g′ g′ g′
k k k k k k k k
l̪ˠ l̪ˠ L l l L L l
lˠ l l
l̠ʲ l̠ʲ L′ l′ l′ L′ L′ l′
lʲ l l′ l′ l′
mˠ mˠ m m m m m m
mʲ mʲ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′
n̪ˠ n̪ˠ N n n N N n
nˠ n n n
n̠ʲ n̠ʲ N′ n′ n′ N′ N′ n′
nʲ n′ n′ n′
ɲ ɲ ɲ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′
ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ
oː o o:, ɔ: o: oː o: o: o:
ɔ ʌ ɔ, o̤ o o o o o
pˠ pˠ p p p p p p
pʲ pʲ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′
ɾˠ ɾˠ r, R r r r r r
ɾʲ ɾʲ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′
sˠ sˠ s s s s s s
ʃ ɕ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ s′ s′
t̪ˠ t̪ˠ t t t t t t
tʲ t̠ʲ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′
uː u u: u: uː u: u: u:
ʊ ɤ U u u u u u
uə ua uə uə uːə uə u:ə uə
vʲ vʲ v v′ v′ v′ w′ v′
w w w v v w w v
x x χ x x x x x

الملاحظات

[عدل]

(الملاحظات باللغة الإنكليزية لم تترجم!)

  1. ^ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹‎ˠ‏›, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the ‎/l/‏ in English pill in some accents, like RP and General American, but not in Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›. Note that the superscript character ‹‎ˠ‏› is not a capital "Y" but a Greek lowercase gamma, ‹γ›.
  2. ^ "Slender" (palatalized) consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹‎ʲ‏›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e›, ‹i›.
  3. ^ ‎/h/‏ is neither broad nor slender.
  4. ^ ا ب ج د Few if any modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of "l" sound. Most dialects have merged ‎/l̪ˠ/‏ and ‎/lˠ/‏ as ‎/l̪ˠ/‏, and some have also merged ‎/l̠ʲ/‏ and ‎/lʲ/‏ as ‎/lʲ/‏. Still others have merged ‎/lˠ/‏ and ‎/lʲ/‏ as ‎/l/‏.
  5. ^ ا ب ج د Few if any modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of "n" sound. Most dialects have merged ‎/n̪ˠ/‏ and ‎/nˠ/‏ as ‎[n̪ˠ]‏, and some have also merged ‎/n̠ʲ/‏ and ‎/nʲ/‏ as ‎[nʲ]‏. Still others have merged ‎/nˠ/‏ and ‎/nʲ/‏ as ‎[n]‏. In parts of Munster, ‎/n̠ʲ/‏ has merged with ‎/ɲ/‏ in non-initial position.
  6. ^ Also ‎/vˠ/‏ as in the word van for some positions in some dialects.
  7. ^ ا ب ج د All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as ‎iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯‏.
  8. ^ Ní Chasaide، Ailbhe (1999). "Irish". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. ص. 111–16. ISBN:0-521-63751-1. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-01-21.
  9. ^ Quiggin، E. C. (1906). A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties . Cambridge University Press.
  10. ^ Breatnach، Risteard B. (1947). The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN:0-901282-50-2.
  11. ^ Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000). Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (بالأيرلندية). Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. ISBN:0-946452-97-0.
  12. ^ Mhac an Fhailigh، Éamonn (1968). The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN:0-901282-02-2.
  13. ^ Ó Siadhail، Mícheál (1988). Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN:0-300-04224-8.
  14. ^ Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN:1-85791-047-8.
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