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14:52، 18 مارس 2021: Mirko Tas (نقاش | مساهمات) أطلق المرشح 41; مؤديا الفعل "edit" في إغنازيو مارينو. الأفعال المتخذة: عدم السماح; وصف المرشح: إزالة قالب "مراجع" (افحص)

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{{Infobox officeholder
{{يتيمة|تاريخ=مارس 2019}}
| honorific-prefix =
{{صندوق معلومات شخص}}
| alma_mater = [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]]
'''إغنازيو مارينو''' {{لغة-إيطالية|Ignazio Marino}} هو [[جراح]] و[[سياسي]] [[إيطاليا|إيطالي]]، ولد في [[10 مارس]] [[1955]] في [[جنوة]] في [[إيطاليا]].<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=When Does Life Begin? Cardinal Martini Replies|مسار=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/51790bdc4.html?eng=y|ناشر=L'Espresso|تاريخ الوصول=13 October 2013| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085557/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/51790?eng=y | تاريخ أرشيف = 04 مارس 2016 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/rome-mayor-resigns-amid-expenses-scandal-ignazio-marino Rome mayor resigns amid expenses scandal | World news | The Guardian<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416175352/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/rome-mayor-resigns-amid-expenses-scandal-ignazio-marino |date=16 أبريل 2019}}</ref><ref name=Senato2013>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)|مسار=http://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/file/repository/composizione/elezioni2013/Eletti_Alfabetico_completo.pdf|عمل=Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura|ناشر=[[مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي]]|تاريخ الوصول=13 June 2013|تنسيق=[[نسق المستندات المنقولة]]|سنة=2013| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20180521072418/https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/file/repository/composizione/elezioni2013/Eletti_Alfabetico_completo.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 21 مايو 2018 }}</ref> [[حزب سياسي|حزبياً]]، نشط في [[الحزب الديمقراطي (إيطاليا)|الحزب الديمقراطي]].
| profession = Surgeon
| party = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]]
| name = Ignazio Marino
| image = Ignazio Marino - Festivaletteratura 2012 01.JPG
| caption = Marino in 2012
| order = 33rd [[Mayor of Rome]]
| term_start = 12 June 2013
| term_end = 31 October 2015
| predecessor = [[Gianni Alemanno]]
| successor = [[Virginia Raggi]]
| order2 = [[Italian Senate|Member of the Italian Senate]]
| term_start2 = 28 April 2006
| term_end2 = 22 May 2013
| birth_name = Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|3|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Genoa]], [[Italy]]
| nationality = [[Italians|Italian]]
}}


'''Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino'''<ref name=Senato2013>{{cite web|title=Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)|work=Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura|publisher=[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senato della Repubblica]]|access-date=13 June 2013|year=2013}}</ref> ({{IPA-it|iɲˈɲattsjo maˈriːno|pron}}; born 10 March 1955) is an [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Organ transplantation|transplant surgeon]] who was [[Mayor of Rome]] from 2013 to 2015.
== مناصب ==
كجراح، تدرب مع توماس ستارزل، الذي كان رائدًا في زراعة الكبد عند البشر. في 1992-1993، كعضو في فريق توماس ستارزل في جامعة بيتسبرغ في الولايات المتحدة، أجرى عمليتي زرع كبد من حيوان الرباح (البابون) إلى إنسان. أسس مركز ISMETT لزراعة الأعضاء في باليرمو، صقلية. حيث كان مارينو الرئيس التنفيذي ومدير ISMETT من سنة 1997 حتى 2002. في عام 2001 أجرى أول عملية زرع أعضاء في إيطاليا لشخص مصاب بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية. في الولايات المتحدة، شغل منصب أستاذ الجراحة في جامعة بيتسبرغ وجامعة توماس جيفرسون في فيلادلفيا.


As a surgeon, he trained with [[Thomas Starzl]], who had pioneered [[liver transplantion]] in humans. In 1992&ndash;1993, as a member of [[Thomas Starzl]]'s team at the [[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine|University of Pittsburgh]] in the United States, he conducted two [[baboon]]-to-human [[liver]] [[xenotransplantation|transplants]]. He founded the [[ISMETT]] organ transplant center in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]; Marino was the CEO and the Director of [[ISMETT]] from 1997 until 2002. In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy for a person with [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]]. In the United States he has held chairs as Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh and at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]] in [[Philadelphia]].
من عام 2009 إلى عام 2015 كان عضوًا في الحزب الديمقراطي اليساري الوسطي وشغل مقعدًا في مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي من عام 2006 حتى انتخابه رئيسًا لبلدية روما. انتخب عمدة روما في يونيو 2013. بعد فترة وجيزة من فوزه في الانتخابات، اقتربت منه شبكة الجريمة المنظمة التي زورت العقود العامة واختلست الأموال. رفع مارينو القضية إلى النيابة، وبدأ فضيحة الفساد في روما عام 2014. في 12 أكتوبر 2015، استقال مارينو من مكتب العمدة وسط فضيحة مصاريف كان قد ارتكبها أحزاب المعارضة من حزبي حركة النجوم الخمسة و إخوة إيطاليا، ولكن في 29 أكتوبر تراجع عن الاستقالة.ومع ذلك، في 30 أكتوبر تم عزله من منصبه بعد استقالة 26 من أعضاء مجلس المدينة البالغ عددهم 48. في 7 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 2016، برأت محكمة روما مارينو من مزاعم الاختلاس والاحتيال والتزوير التي استقال لإثبات براءته منها، وحكمت المحكمة بالبراءة الكاملة وحكمت بأن أفعال مارينو "لا تشكل جريمة" وأن الوقائع المزعومة "لم تحدث"، وفقًا للمادة 530 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية الإيطالي


From 2009 to 2015 he was a member of the [[center-left]] [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] and held a seat in the [[Italian Senate]] from 2006 until his election as mayor of Rome. He was elected Mayor of Rome in June 2013. Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the [[2014 Rome corruption scandal]]. On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned from the Office of Mayor amidst an expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of [[Five Star Movement|M5S]] and [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)|Fratelli d'Italia]], but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery which he had stepped down to prove his innocence, the court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P.
حاليًا، إجنازيو مارينو هو أستاذ الجراحة ونائب الرئيس التنفيذي في كلية الطب بجامعة توماس جيفرسون وجيفرسون هيلث في فيلادلفيا.
*[[انتخابات|انتخب]] عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (2 مارس 2013 – 22 مايو 2013).
* انتخب عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (21 أبريل 2008 – 14 مارس 2013).
* انتخب عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (19 أبريل 2006 – 28 أبريل 2008).
* انتخب {{Ill-WD2|id=Q23936560|target=en}} (12 يونيو 2013 – 31 أكتوبر 2015).


Currently, Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.
== مراجع ==
{{مراجع}}


== وصلات خارجية ==
== Biography ==
* {{روابط فنية}}


=== Early life and education ===
* {{موقع رسمي}}
Marino was born in Genoa to a Sicilian father and a Swiss mother and is the oldest of three children (he has two sisters). He graduated in Medicine and Surgery from the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]] in [[Rome]].
{{تصنيف كومنز|Ignazio Marino}}
{{ضبط استنادي}}
{{شريط بوابات|إيطاليا|السياسة|أعلام|روما}}
{{بذرة سياسي إيطالي}}


=== Medical career ===
[[تصنيف:أشخاص من أصول صقلية]]
Board-certified in General and Vascular Surgery, he spent 4 years training in the 2 most prestigious transplant centers in the world: the Transplantation Institute of the [[University of Cambridge]], England (then the only [[liver transplantion]] division in Europe), directed by Prof. Sir [[Roy Y. Calne]]. During his time in Cambridge, Dr. Marino published a paper on the reperfusion syndrome occurring during [[liver transplantion]] (Transplantation, 1985). The paper is still quoted today as a thorough study of this complex clinical syndrome; and the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute at the [[University of Pittsburgh]], directed by Dr. Thomas E. Starzl, the pioneer who in 1963 performed the first [[liver transplantion]] on a human being. In Pittsburgh, Dr. Marino completed an American Society of Transplant Surgeons approved multi-organ transplant fellowship under the direct leadership of Dr. Starzl and was hired by him as an attending physician and a Faculty member in 1991. Pittsburgh was then by far the most active [[Liver transplantation]] center in the world: for example, in 1990-1991 alone, more than 1,000 [[liver transplantion]] were performed at the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute.
[[تصنيف:أشخاص من جنوة]]

[[تصنيف:أعضاء مجلس شيوخ الجمهورية الإيطالية]]
In 1988, Marino published on Cancer the first paper ever showing that the Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma could be successfully treated with [[liver transplantion]].
[[تصنيف:خريجو جامعة القلب المقدس الكاثوليكية]]

[[تصنيف:رومان كاثوليك إيطاليون]]
In 1992 Ignazio Marino was appointed Associate Director of the National Liver Transplant Center of the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] of Pittsburgh, then the only [[Liver transplantation]] department of the Government of the [[United States]]. Marino was a member of the surgical team which in June 1992 and January 1993 performed two [[baboon]]-to-human liver [[xenotransplants]] in a clinical trial coordinated by Starzl.<ref name=Starzl1994>{{cite journal|last=Starzl|first=TE|author2=Murase, N |author3=Tzakis, A |author4=Fung, JJ |author5=Todo, S |author6=Demetris, AJ |author7=Manez, R |author8=Marino, IR |author9= Valdivia, L |title=Clinical xenotransplantation.|journal=Xenotransplantation|date=August 1994|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–7|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3089.1994.tb00044.x|pmid=21151801|pmc=3000172}}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Although partially successful on purely technical grounds, this novel approach to the treatment of terminal [[cirrhosis]] from [[chronic hepatitis B]] infection turned out to be a clinical dead end. These were the first xenotransplants (i.e. animal-to-human organ transplants) to be performed since the case of [[Baby Fae]] (a 2.2&nbsp; kg newborn infant who had survived just 21 days after receiving a baboon heart in 1984). Despite their different size, baboons share many of the physiological and genetic characteristics of human beings but are resistant to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Both transplanted patients had terminal [[liver failure]] due to hepatitis B. One, an [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]]-positive 35-year-old man, lived 70 days after the transplant and maintained nearly normal [[liver function]], the other, a 62-year-old man, survived 26 days without regaining consciousness.<ref name=Starzl1994/> This clinical strategy was not pursued. In addition to clinical problems, such as [[organ rejection]], there exists a threat of possible cross-species transmission of disease, as well as other [[bioethical]]/[[animal rights|animalist]] concerns. At the time, these two xenotransplants provoked heated controversy in this regard.|group= n}}.
[[تصنيف:سياسيو الحزب الديمقراطي الإيطالي]]

[[تصنيف:سياسيون إيطاليون في القرن 21]]
In 1995, Marino published a paper showing, for the first time, that the age and sex of the donor are linked to different patient survival after liver transplantation.
[[تصنيف:سياسيون من جنوة]]

[[تصنيف:عمدات في روما]]
In 1997 Marino founded the [[ISMETT]] (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies) organ transplant center in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]. Marino was the CEO and the Director of [[ISMETT]] from 1997 until 2002, the first [[liver transplantion]] center in [[Sicily]], founded through a partnership between the [[University of Pittsburgh Medical Center]] and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Italy [[Ministry of Health (Italy)]]of the [[:Category:Government of Italy]].
[[تصنيف:كلية جامعة بيتسبرغ]]

[[تصنيف:مواليد 1955]]
In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy on a person with [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]] undergoing [[highly active antiretroviral therapy]]—a [[kidney transplant]] made in response to a personal request from the patient himself (along with the [[organ donor|donor]], his father), who had been turned down by other Italian transplant centres. A clinical success, the operation sparked an institutional dispute in Italy at the time.{{#tag:ref| The Minister of Health, [[Girolamo Sirchia]], publicly criticized Marino for undertaking the operation,<ref name=Primo2001/> and the National Transplant Centre (CNT) advised him not to perform any further transplants on people with HIV.<ref name="Criscenti 2001">{{cite news|last=Criscenti|first=Gianfranco|title=L'Hiv esclude il trapianto?|access-date=11 June 2013|newspaper=Galileo - giornale di scienza|date=6 October 2001|language=Italian}}</ref> This stance conflicted with the opinion of the president of the [[bioethics]] panel of the [[Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche|National Research Council]] who openly supported Marino's decision, as well as with views expressed by (among others) the president of the National Bioethics Committee, [[Giovanni Berlinguer]], who argued that people with HIV should not be excluded ''a priori'' from the benefits of transplantation.<ref name="Criscenti 2001"/> Nowadays, similar transplants are routinely conducted both in Italy and elsewhere.<ref name=Bossini2012>{{cite journal|last=Bossini|first=N|author2=Sandrini, S |author3=Valerio, F |title=[Kidney transplant in patients with HIV infection]|journal=Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia |date=July–August 2012 |volume=29|issue=4|pages=404–17|pmid=22843153|language=Italian, English}}</ref><ref name=Norman2012>{{cite journal|last=Norman|first=SP|author2=Kommareddi, M |author3=Kaul, DR |title=Update on kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients|journal=AIDS Reviews|date=July–September 2012|volume=14|issue=3|pages=195–207|pmid=22833063}}</ref>|group= n}}
[[تصنيف:أطباء من جنوة]]

In 2002 Marino moved to [[Philadelphia]] at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]]. At the [[Thomas Jefferson University]] the [[liver transplantion]] Program was in need of general reorganization. Under Dr. Marino’s lead, clinical outcomes started to improve dramatically. [[Thomas Jefferson University]]’s 1-year [[liver transplantion]] patient survival rate went from 78% to 100% and [[Thomas Jefferson University]]’s 30-months [[liver transplantion]] patient survival rate went from 56% to 92% according to a [[Kaplan–Meier estimator]] actuarial curve.

Ignazio Marino is the recipients of several international medical awards, including but not limited to the 2010 Award for contributions to the fight against AIDS; Honorary Doctor of Science degree (2015) at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]]; the Longmire Professorship of the [[David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA]] and the Longmire Surgical Society.
Marino has personally performed over 650 transplants. Marino delivered more than 700 international scientific lectures and is the author of over 500 [[peer-review]] articles and has authored several scientific books. In 2005 he published a book with [[Giulio Einaudi Editore|Einaudi]] ("Le Vele" series) entitled ''Credere e curare'' ("Treating and Believing"); the book deals with the medical profession and the influence that faith, seen as a religious creed but also as compassion, solidarity, and empathy towards all human beings, has upon it. In 2005 he founded Imagine ONLUS, an international non-profit organization engaged in international solidarity activities with special regard to health issues. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of ''[[Organ transplant|Transplantation]],'' ''[[Liver Transplantation]],'' ''[[Clinical Transplantation]],'' and 9 other international scientific journals.

Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and, from 2020, Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<ref name="jefferson.edu"/>

In 2020, Marino was appointed Member of the Board of Directors of the Philadelphia International Medicine.

=== Political career ===

==== Entry into politics ====
A good friend of [[Massimo D'Alema]], Marino was persuaded by him to enter into politics as an independent candidate with the [[Democrats of the Left]] in the [[2006 Italian general election|2006 general elections]], and was elected as a Senator.
On June 6, 2006, Marino was elected Chair of the Health Committee of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)]]. Among the main achievements of Senator Marino as Chair of the Health Committee:
- a national law was proposed and approved to manage and reduce patients' waiting list time and to establish new rules for public/private physicians' practice in Italian National Health Care System hospitals;
- a law proposal on living will that started a national debate;
- an international meeting on living will from the clinical, bioethical and religious perspectives, attended by the President of Italy;
- a national law was proposed and approved that allocates 180 million euro per year for a total of 10 years to patients who have been infected (hepatitis, HIV) during hospital care;
- a national law was proposed and approved to allocate dedicated funds in the national budget law for researchers under 40 in the biomedical field according to peer review criteria by an international committee - a dramatic innovation in the Italian research funds allocation system.
Given his professional background, in his new capacity, he promoted several legislative activities mainly dealing with healthcare, education, scientific research, and bioethics.

Following the fall of [[Romano Prodi]]'s government and an [[2008 Italian general election|early election held in 2008]], he was confirmed in the Senate, where he was appointed whip of the Democratic Party in the Standing Committee on Health and Chair of the Investigative Committee on National Health System. In his second tenure as a Senator, Marino gained public exposure due to his strong support for the right to die and a clear [[advance health care directive]] law during the dramatic final days of [[Eluana Englaro]], which caused widespread debate and a constitutional crisis within Italy. Following such events, Marino has become recognizable in Italian politics as a strong advocate of a lay country, gaining vocal support from left-wing parties and the [[Italian Radicals]], but also being criticized by socially conservative politicians also within the Democratic Party, such as [[Paola Binetti]]. During his mandate, he has promoted:
- a national study on quality assurance and outcomes of all major healthcare districts in Italy;
- an investigation on the much-debated and controversial death of an inmate;
- a national investigation on mental illnesses and psychiatric care;
- a national investigation on severe disabilities and their treatments;
- a national investigation on corruption in the National Health Care System;
- a national investigation on hospitals built-in or near earthquake areas.

In June 2009 he publicly announced his intention to run as a candidate for the [[2009 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election|Democratic Party leadership election]] in October. His leadership election platform was mostly focused on [[Economic, social and cultural rights|social rights]], [[public health]] and [[environmentalism]]. He came third in the election, winning 12.5% of the votes.

====Mayor of Rome====
Marino ran the [[2013 Rome municipal election|2013 election]] for [[Mayor of Rome]] with the support of a [[centre-left]] alliance. After leading in the first round he was elected (on 10 June) Mayor of Rome at the second ballot, winning 63.9% of the votes in a run-off against the [[centre-right]] candidate, the incumbent mayor [[Gianni Alemanno]].<ref name=Elezioni2013>{{cite news|title=Elezioni Comunali 2013, Liste e risultati: Roma|newspaper=La Repubblica|date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

Among Marino's projects has been the visionary but controversial closing of the [[Via dei Fori Imperiali]] and [[Piazza di Spagna]] to cars and opening to pedestrian and bicycle traffic only. Mayor Marino cited his experiences as a cyclist in Philadelphia as the foundation for his having learned to live without a car.

Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the [[2014 Rome corruption scandal]].

Ignazio Marino is the only Mayor of Rome ever invited to the [[World Economic Forum]] Annual Meeting (Davos, January 22–25, 2014)
At Davos Marino networked with the Coca Cola CEO, Muhtar Kent, and the McKinsey CEO, Dominic Barton, to discuss philanthropic fundraising for the archeology in Rome

On October 18, 2014, Marino registered the marriages of 16 same-sex couples who requested it to the Municipality, which followed similar acts by other Italian mayors. Same-sex marriages and civil unions were illegal in Italy at the time, and by registering the marriages, Mayor Marino hoped to force the hand of national legislators to clarify a deepening legal muddle around same-sex unions, particularly for Italians married abroad. Same-sex civil unions were eventually [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy|legalized in Italy]] in 2016.

On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned amidst an accusation of expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S [[Five Star Movement]] and Fratelli d'Italia [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)]], but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. He was replaced by a government-appointed commissioner.

On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S [[Five Star Movement]] and Fratelli d'Italia [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)]] and after which he had stepped down to prove his innocence. The court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P.
In summary, upon his election, he found [[Rome]] on the verge of bankruptcy.
In 2013, Rome was in the red with a loss of $888 million. Furthermore, its public transport system had a loss of $951 million.
In 28 months Ignazio Marino balanced both budgets.
He also conducted intense fundraising activity, attracting national and international resources, involving philanthropists who were interested in supporting Rome’s activity to preserve its archeological heritage. On the whole, in 28 months he raised over $14 million (€13.167.313).
Among his decisions as Mayor:
• the promotion of a new development plan that brought to the requalification of abandoned urban areas and to a total of private investments close to $2 billion;
• the closing of Rome’s landfill, the largest in the world, and the promotion of efficient policies of the differentiated waste collection;
• the opening of a new subway line with 21 new stations covering a total of 18&nbsp;km railways;
• the cutting of internal excessive spendings and the creation of a single purchasing center;
• involving tax police officers to check the city books left by previous administrations;
• the close collaboration with prosecutors investigating on mafia affiliations;
• the pedestrianization of large portions of the city center;
• the registration of same-sex unions, still unregulated under the Italian law;
• the protection of large green areas from real estate speculation.

====Return to Medicine and Surgery====
In 2016, Ignazio Marino returned to the USA where he is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<ref name="jefferson.edu"/> At Jefferson he started a new curriculum for medical students: a selected group of students will attend the School of Medicine for 3 years in Europe and 3 years in the US and, eventually, they will be able to practice medicine in both continents. Dr. Marino is working with the Noble Laureate [[Alvin Roth]] to implement a new method aimed at increasing kidney transplantation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Global kidney exchange should expand wisely|year = 2020|last1 = Roth|first1 = Alvin E.|last2 = Marino|first2 = Ignazio R.|last3 = Ekwenna|first3 = Obi|last4 = Dunn|first4 = Ty B.|last5 = Paloyo|first5 = Siegfredo R.|last6 = Tan|first6 = Miguel|last7 = Correa‐Rotter|first7 = Ricardo|last8 = Kuhr|first8 = Christian S.|last9 = Marsh|first9 = Christopher L.|last10 = Ortiz|first10 = Jorge|last11 = Testa|first11 = Giuliano|last12 = Sindhwani|first12 = Puneet|last13 = Segev|first13 = Dorry L.|last14 = Rogers|first14 = Jeffrey|last15 = Punch|first15 = Jeffrey D.|last16 = Forbes|first16 = Rachel C.|last17 = Zimmerman|first17 = Michael A.|last18 = Ellis|first18 = Matthew J.|last19 = Rege|first19 = Aparna|last20 = Basagoitia|first20 = Laura|last21 = Krawiec|first21 = Kimberly D.|last22 = Rees|first22 = Michael A.|journal = Transplant International|volume = 33|issue = 9|pages = 985–988|pmid = 32430941|s2cid = 218760100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global kidney exchange should expand wisely|year=2020|last1=Roth|first1=Alvin E.|last2=Marino|first2=Ignazio R.|last3=Ekwenna|first3=Obi|last4=Dunn|first4=Ty B.|last5=Paloyo|first5=Siegfredo R.|last6=Tan|first6=Miguel|last7=Correa‐Rotter|first7=Ricardo|last8=Kuhr|first8=Christian S.|last9=Marsh|first9=Christopher L.|last10=Ortiz|first10=Jorge|last11=Testa|first11=Giuliano|last12=Sindhwani|first12=Puneet|last13=Segev|first13=Dorry L.|last14=Rogers|first14=Jeffrey|last15=Punch|first15=Jeffrey D.|last16=Forbes|first16=Rachel C.|last17=Zimmerman|first17=Michael A.|last18=Ellis|first18=Matthew J.|last19=Rege|first19=Aparna|last20=Basagoitia|first20=Laura|last21=Krawiec|first21=Kimberly D.|last22=Rees|first22=Michael A.|journal=Transplant International|volume=33|issue=9|pages=985–988|pmid=32430941|s2cid=218760100}}</ref>

==Notes and references==
;Notes
{{reflist|2|group= n}}
;References
{{Reflist|1}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Mayors of Rome}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marino, Ignazio}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Italian transplant surgeons]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Politicians from Genoa]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty]]
[[Category:Thomas Jefferson University faculty]]
[[Category:Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (Italy) politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Italian politicians]]
[[Category:Mayors of Rome]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)]]
[[Category:People of Sicilian descent]]
[[Category:Physicians from Genoa]]

محددات الفعل

متغيرقيمة
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عنوان الصفحة (بدون نطاق) (page_title)
'إغنازيو مارينو'
عنوان الصفحة الكامل (page_prefixedtitle)
'إغنازيو مارينو'
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ملخص التعديل/السبب (summary)
'Official translation English to Arabic requested by Mr. Merino himself.'
نموذج المحتوى القديم (old_content_model)
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نموذج المحتوى الجديد (new_content_model)
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نص الويكي القديم للصفحة، قبل التعديل (old_wikitext)
'{{يتيمة|تاريخ=مارس 2019}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''إغنازيو مارينو''' {{لغة-إيطالية|Ignazio Marino}} هو [[جراح]] و[[سياسي]] [[إيطاليا|إيطالي]]، ولد في [[10 مارس]] [[1955]] في [[جنوة]] في [[إيطاليا]].<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=When Does Life Begin? Cardinal Martini Replies|مسار=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/51790bdc4.html?eng=y|ناشر=L'Espresso|تاريخ الوصول=13 October 2013| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085557/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/51790?eng=y | تاريخ أرشيف = 04 مارس 2016 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/rome-mayor-resigns-amid-expenses-scandal-ignazio-marino Rome mayor resigns amid expenses scandal | World news | The Guardian<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416175352/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/rome-mayor-resigns-amid-expenses-scandal-ignazio-marino |date=16 أبريل 2019}}</ref><ref name=Senato2013>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)|مسار=http://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/file/repository/composizione/elezioni2013/Eletti_Alfabetico_completo.pdf|عمل=Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura|ناشر=[[مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي]]|تاريخ الوصول=13 June 2013|تنسيق=[[نسق المستندات المنقولة]]|سنة=2013| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20180521072418/https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/file/repository/composizione/elezioni2013/Eletti_Alfabetico_completo.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 21 مايو 2018 }}</ref> [[حزب سياسي|حزبياً]]، نشط في [[الحزب الديمقراطي (إيطاليا)|الحزب الديمقراطي]]. == مناصب == كجراح، تدرب مع توماس ستارزل، الذي كان رائدًا في زراعة الكبد عند البشر. في 1992-1993، كعضو في فريق توماس ستارزل في جامعة بيتسبرغ في الولايات المتحدة، أجرى عمليتي زرع كبد من حيوان الرباح (البابون) إلى إنسان. أسس مركز ISMETT لزراعة الأعضاء في باليرمو، صقلية. حيث كان مارينو الرئيس التنفيذي ومدير ISMETT من سنة 1997 حتى 2002. في عام 2001 أجرى أول عملية زرع أعضاء في إيطاليا لشخص مصاب بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية. في الولايات المتحدة، شغل منصب أستاذ الجراحة في جامعة بيتسبرغ وجامعة توماس جيفرسون في فيلادلفيا. من عام 2009 إلى عام 2015 كان عضوًا في الحزب الديمقراطي اليساري الوسطي وشغل مقعدًا في مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي من عام 2006 حتى انتخابه رئيسًا لبلدية روما. انتخب عمدة روما في يونيو 2013. بعد فترة وجيزة من فوزه في الانتخابات، اقتربت منه شبكة الجريمة المنظمة التي زورت العقود العامة واختلست الأموال. رفع مارينو القضية إلى النيابة، وبدأ فضيحة الفساد في روما عام 2014. في 12 أكتوبر 2015، استقال مارينو من مكتب العمدة وسط فضيحة مصاريف كان قد ارتكبها أحزاب المعارضة من حزبي حركة النجوم الخمسة و إخوة إيطاليا، ولكن في 29 أكتوبر تراجع عن الاستقالة.ومع ذلك، في 30 أكتوبر تم عزله من منصبه بعد استقالة 26 من أعضاء مجلس المدينة البالغ عددهم 48. في 7 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 2016، برأت محكمة روما مارينو من مزاعم الاختلاس والاحتيال والتزوير التي استقال لإثبات براءته منها، وحكمت المحكمة بالبراءة الكاملة وحكمت بأن أفعال مارينو "لا تشكل جريمة" وأن الوقائع المزعومة "لم تحدث"، وفقًا للمادة 530 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية الإيطالي حاليًا، إجنازيو مارينو هو أستاذ الجراحة ونائب الرئيس التنفيذي في كلية الطب بجامعة توماس جيفرسون وجيفرسون هيلث في فيلادلفيا. *[[انتخابات|انتخب]] عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (2 مارس 2013 – 22 مايو 2013). * انتخب عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (21 أبريل 2008 – 14 مارس 2013). * انتخب عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (19 أبريل 2006 – 28 أبريل 2008). * انتخب {{Ill-WD2|id=Q23936560|target=en}} (12 يونيو 2013 – 31 أكتوبر 2015). == مراجع == {{مراجع}} == وصلات خارجية == * {{روابط فنية}} * {{موقع رسمي}} {{تصنيف كومنز|Ignazio Marino}} {{ضبط استنادي}} {{شريط بوابات|إيطاليا|السياسة|أعلام|روما}} {{بذرة سياسي إيطالي}} [[تصنيف:أشخاص من أصول صقلية]] [[تصنيف:أشخاص من جنوة]] [[تصنيف:أعضاء مجلس شيوخ الجمهورية الإيطالية]] [[تصنيف:خريجو جامعة القلب المقدس الكاثوليكية]] [[تصنيف:رومان كاثوليك إيطاليون]] [[تصنيف:سياسيو الحزب الديمقراطي الإيطالي]] [[تصنيف:سياسيون إيطاليون في القرن 21]] [[تصنيف:سياسيون من جنوة]] [[تصنيف:عمدات في روما]] [[تصنيف:كلية جامعة بيتسبرغ]] [[تصنيف:مواليد 1955]] [[تصنيف:أطباء من جنوة]]'
نص الويكي الجديد للصفحة، بعد التعديل (new_wikitext)
'{{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = | alma_mater = [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]] | profession = Surgeon | party = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] | name = Ignazio Marino | image = Ignazio Marino - Festivaletteratura 2012 01.JPG | caption = Marino in 2012 | order = 33rd [[Mayor of Rome]] | term_start = 12 June 2013 | term_end = 31 October 2015 | predecessor = [[Gianni Alemanno]] | successor = [[Virginia Raggi]] | order2 = [[Italian Senate|Member of the Italian Senate]] | term_start2 = 28 April 2006 | term_end2 = 22 May 2013 | birth_name = Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|3|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Genoa]], [[Italy]] | nationality = [[Italians|Italian]] }} '''Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino'''<ref name=Senato2013>{{cite web|title=Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)|work=Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura|publisher=[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senato della Repubblica]]|access-date=13 June 2013|year=2013}}</ref> ({{IPA-it|iɲˈɲattsjo maˈriːno|pron}}; born 10 March 1955) is an [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Organ transplantation|transplant surgeon]] who was [[Mayor of Rome]] from 2013 to 2015. As a surgeon, he trained with [[Thomas Starzl]], who had pioneered [[liver transplantion]] in humans. In 1992&ndash;1993, as a member of [[Thomas Starzl]]'s team at the [[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine|University of Pittsburgh]] in the United States, he conducted two [[baboon]]-to-human [[liver]] [[xenotransplantation|transplants]]. He founded the [[ISMETT]] organ transplant center in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]; Marino was the CEO and the Director of [[ISMETT]] from 1997 until 2002. In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy for a person with [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]]. In the United States he has held chairs as Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh and at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]] in [[Philadelphia]]. From 2009 to 2015 he was a member of the [[center-left]] [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] and held a seat in the [[Italian Senate]] from 2006 until his election as mayor of Rome. He was elected Mayor of Rome in June 2013. Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the [[2014 Rome corruption scandal]]. On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned from the Office of Mayor amidst an expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of [[Five Star Movement|M5S]] and [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)|Fratelli d'Italia]], but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery which he had stepped down to prove his innocence, the court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P. Currently, Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia. == Biography == === Early life and education === Marino was born in Genoa to a Sicilian father and a Swiss mother and is the oldest of three children (he has two sisters). He graduated in Medicine and Surgery from the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]] in [[Rome]]. === Medical career === Board-certified in General and Vascular Surgery, he spent 4 years training in the 2 most prestigious transplant centers in the world: the Transplantation Institute of the [[University of Cambridge]], England (then the only [[liver transplantion]] division in Europe), directed by Prof. Sir [[Roy Y. Calne]]. During his time in Cambridge, Dr. Marino published a paper on the reperfusion syndrome occurring during [[liver transplantion]] (Transplantation, 1985). The paper is still quoted today as a thorough study of this complex clinical syndrome; and the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute at the [[University of Pittsburgh]], directed by Dr. Thomas E. Starzl, the pioneer who in 1963 performed the first [[liver transplantion]] on a human being. In Pittsburgh, Dr. Marino completed an American Society of Transplant Surgeons approved multi-organ transplant fellowship under the direct leadership of Dr. Starzl and was hired by him as an attending physician and a Faculty member in 1991. Pittsburgh was then by far the most active [[Liver transplantation]] center in the world: for example, in 1990-1991 alone, more than 1,000 [[liver transplantion]] were performed at the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute. In 1988, Marino published on Cancer the first paper ever showing that the Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma could be successfully treated with [[liver transplantion]]. In 1992 Ignazio Marino was appointed Associate Director of the National Liver Transplant Center of the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] of Pittsburgh, then the only [[Liver transplantation]] department of the Government of the [[United States]]. Marino was a member of the surgical team which in June 1992 and January 1993 performed two [[baboon]]-to-human liver [[xenotransplants]] in a clinical trial coordinated by Starzl.<ref name=Starzl1994>{{cite journal|last=Starzl|first=TE|author2=Murase, N |author3=Tzakis, A |author4=Fung, JJ |author5=Todo, S |author6=Demetris, AJ |author7=Manez, R |author8=Marino, IR |author9= Valdivia, L |title=Clinical xenotransplantation.|journal=Xenotransplantation|date=August 1994|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–7|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3089.1994.tb00044.x|pmid=21151801|pmc=3000172}}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Although partially successful on purely technical grounds, this novel approach to the treatment of terminal [[cirrhosis]] from [[chronic hepatitis B]] infection turned out to be a clinical dead end. These were the first xenotransplants (i.e. animal-to-human organ transplants) to be performed since the case of [[Baby Fae]] (a 2.2&nbsp; kg newborn infant who had survived just 21 days after receiving a baboon heart in 1984). Despite their different size, baboons share many of the physiological and genetic characteristics of human beings but are resistant to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Both transplanted patients had terminal [[liver failure]] due to hepatitis B. One, an [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]]-positive 35-year-old man, lived 70 days after the transplant and maintained nearly normal [[liver function]], the other, a 62-year-old man, survived 26 days without regaining consciousness.<ref name=Starzl1994/> This clinical strategy was not pursued. In addition to clinical problems, such as [[organ rejection]], there exists a threat of possible cross-species transmission of disease, as well as other [[bioethical]]/[[animal rights|animalist]] concerns. At the time, these two xenotransplants provoked heated controversy in this regard.|group= n}}. In 1995, Marino published a paper showing, for the first time, that the age and sex of the donor are linked to different patient survival after liver transplantation. In 1997 Marino founded the [[ISMETT]] (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies) organ transplant center in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]. Marino was the CEO and the Director of [[ISMETT]] from 1997 until 2002, the first [[liver transplantion]] center in [[Sicily]], founded through a partnership between the [[University of Pittsburgh Medical Center]] and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Italy [[Ministry of Health (Italy)]]of the [[:Category:Government of Italy]]. In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy on a person with [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]] undergoing [[highly active antiretroviral therapy]]—a [[kidney transplant]] made in response to a personal request from the patient himself (along with the [[organ donor|donor]], his father), who had been turned down by other Italian transplant centres. A clinical success, the operation sparked an institutional dispute in Italy at the time.{{#tag:ref| The Minister of Health, [[Girolamo Sirchia]], publicly criticized Marino for undertaking the operation,<ref name=Primo2001/> and the National Transplant Centre (CNT) advised him not to perform any further transplants on people with HIV.<ref name="Criscenti 2001">{{cite news|last=Criscenti|first=Gianfranco|title=L'Hiv esclude il trapianto?|access-date=11 June 2013|newspaper=Galileo - giornale di scienza|date=6 October 2001|language=Italian}}</ref> This stance conflicted with the opinion of the president of the [[bioethics]] panel of the [[Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche|National Research Council]] who openly supported Marino's decision, as well as with views expressed by (among others) the president of the National Bioethics Committee, [[Giovanni Berlinguer]], who argued that people with HIV should not be excluded ''a priori'' from the benefits of transplantation.<ref name="Criscenti 2001"/> Nowadays, similar transplants are routinely conducted both in Italy and elsewhere.<ref name=Bossini2012>{{cite journal|last=Bossini|first=N|author2=Sandrini, S |author3=Valerio, F |title=[Kidney transplant in patients with HIV infection]|journal=Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia |date=July–August 2012 |volume=29|issue=4|pages=404–17|pmid=22843153|language=Italian, English}}</ref><ref name=Norman2012>{{cite journal|last=Norman|first=SP|author2=Kommareddi, M |author3=Kaul, DR |title=Update on kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients|journal=AIDS Reviews|date=July–September 2012|volume=14|issue=3|pages=195–207|pmid=22833063}}</ref>|group= n}} In 2002 Marino moved to [[Philadelphia]] at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]]. At the [[Thomas Jefferson University]] the [[liver transplantion]] Program was in need of general reorganization. Under Dr. Marino’s lead, clinical outcomes started to improve dramatically. [[Thomas Jefferson University]]’s 1-year [[liver transplantion]] patient survival rate went from 78% to 100% and [[Thomas Jefferson University]]’s 30-months [[liver transplantion]] patient survival rate went from 56% to 92% according to a [[Kaplan–Meier estimator]] actuarial curve. Ignazio Marino is the recipients of several international medical awards, including but not limited to the 2010 Award for contributions to the fight against AIDS; Honorary Doctor of Science degree (2015) at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]]; the Longmire Professorship of the [[David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA]] and the Longmire Surgical Society. Marino has personally performed over 650 transplants. Marino delivered more than 700 international scientific lectures and is the author of over 500 [[peer-review]] articles and has authored several scientific books. In 2005 he published a book with [[Giulio Einaudi Editore|Einaudi]] ("Le Vele" series) entitled ''Credere e curare'' ("Treating and Believing"); the book deals with the medical profession and the influence that faith, seen as a religious creed but also as compassion, solidarity, and empathy towards all human beings, has upon it. In 2005 he founded Imagine ONLUS, an international non-profit organization engaged in international solidarity activities with special regard to health issues. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of ''[[Organ transplant|Transplantation]],'' ''[[Liver Transplantation]],'' ''[[Clinical Transplantation]],'' and 9 other international scientific journals. Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and, from 2020, Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<ref name="jefferson.edu"/> In 2020, Marino was appointed Member of the Board of Directors of the Philadelphia International Medicine. === Political career === ==== Entry into politics ==== A good friend of [[Massimo D'Alema]], Marino was persuaded by him to enter into politics as an independent candidate with the [[Democrats of the Left]] in the [[2006 Italian general election|2006 general elections]], and was elected as a Senator. On June 6, 2006, Marino was elected Chair of the Health Committee of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)]]. Among the main achievements of Senator Marino as Chair of the Health Committee: - a national law was proposed and approved to manage and reduce patients' waiting list time and to establish new rules for public/private physicians' practice in Italian National Health Care System hospitals; - a law proposal on living will that started a national debate; - an international meeting on living will from the clinical, bioethical and religious perspectives, attended by the President of Italy; - a national law was proposed and approved that allocates 180 million euro per year for a total of 10 years to patients who have been infected (hepatitis, HIV) during hospital care; - a national law was proposed and approved to allocate dedicated funds in the national budget law for researchers under 40 in the biomedical field according to peer review criteria by an international committee - a dramatic innovation in the Italian research funds allocation system. Given his professional background, in his new capacity, he promoted several legislative activities mainly dealing with healthcare, education, scientific research, and bioethics. Following the fall of [[Romano Prodi]]'s government and an [[2008 Italian general election|early election held in 2008]], he was confirmed in the Senate, where he was appointed whip of the Democratic Party in the Standing Committee on Health and Chair of the Investigative Committee on National Health System. In his second tenure as a Senator, Marino gained public exposure due to his strong support for the right to die and a clear [[advance health care directive]] law during the dramatic final days of [[Eluana Englaro]], which caused widespread debate and a constitutional crisis within Italy. Following such events, Marino has become recognizable in Italian politics as a strong advocate of a lay country, gaining vocal support from left-wing parties and the [[Italian Radicals]], but also being criticized by socially conservative politicians also within the Democratic Party, such as [[Paola Binetti]]. During his mandate, he has promoted: - a national study on quality assurance and outcomes of all major healthcare districts in Italy; - an investigation on the much-debated and controversial death of an inmate; - a national investigation on mental illnesses and psychiatric care; - a national investigation on severe disabilities and their treatments; - a national investigation on corruption in the National Health Care System; - a national investigation on hospitals built-in or near earthquake areas. In June 2009 he publicly announced his intention to run as a candidate for the [[2009 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election|Democratic Party leadership election]] in October. His leadership election platform was mostly focused on [[Economic, social and cultural rights|social rights]], [[public health]] and [[environmentalism]]. He came third in the election, winning 12.5% of the votes. ====Mayor of Rome==== Marino ran the [[2013 Rome municipal election|2013 election]] for [[Mayor of Rome]] with the support of a [[centre-left]] alliance. After leading in the first round he was elected (on 10 June) Mayor of Rome at the second ballot, winning 63.9% of the votes in a run-off against the [[centre-right]] candidate, the incumbent mayor [[Gianni Alemanno]].<ref name=Elezioni2013>{{cite news|title=Elezioni Comunali 2013, Liste e risultati: Roma|newspaper=La Repubblica|date=10 June 2013}}</ref> Among Marino's projects has been the visionary but controversial closing of the [[Via dei Fori Imperiali]] and [[Piazza di Spagna]] to cars and opening to pedestrian and bicycle traffic only. Mayor Marino cited his experiences as a cyclist in Philadelphia as the foundation for his having learned to live without a car. Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the [[2014 Rome corruption scandal]]. Ignazio Marino is the only Mayor of Rome ever invited to the [[World Economic Forum]] Annual Meeting (Davos, January 22–25, 2014) At Davos Marino networked with the Coca Cola CEO, Muhtar Kent, and the McKinsey CEO, Dominic Barton, to discuss philanthropic fundraising for the archeology in Rome On October 18, 2014, Marino registered the marriages of 16 same-sex couples who requested it to the Municipality, which followed similar acts by other Italian mayors. Same-sex marriages and civil unions were illegal in Italy at the time, and by registering the marriages, Mayor Marino hoped to force the hand of national legislators to clarify a deepening legal muddle around same-sex unions, particularly for Italians married abroad. Same-sex civil unions were eventually [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy|legalized in Italy]] in 2016. On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned amidst an accusation of expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S [[Five Star Movement]] and Fratelli d'Italia [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)]], but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. He was replaced by a government-appointed commissioner. On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S [[Five Star Movement]] and Fratelli d'Italia [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)]] and after which he had stepped down to prove his innocence. The court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P. In summary, upon his election, he found [[Rome]] on the verge of bankruptcy. In 2013, Rome was in the red with a loss of $888 million. Furthermore, its public transport system had a loss of $951 million. In 28 months Ignazio Marino balanced both budgets. He also conducted intense fundraising activity, attracting national and international resources, involving philanthropists who were interested in supporting Rome’s activity to preserve its archeological heritage. On the whole, in 28 months he raised over $14 million (€13.167.313). Among his decisions as Mayor: • the promotion of a new development plan that brought to the requalification of abandoned urban areas and to a total of private investments close to $2 billion; • the closing of Rome’s landfill, the largest in the world, and the promotion of efficient policies of the differentiated waste collection; • the opening of a new subway line with 21 new stations covering a total of 18&nbsp;km railways; • the cutting of internal excessive spendings and the creation of a single purchasing center; • involving tax police officers to check the city books left by previous administrations; • the close collaboration with prosecutors investigating on mafia affiliations; • the pedestrianization of large portions of the city center; • the registration of same-sex unions, still unregulated under the Italian law; • the protection of large green areas from real estate speculation. ====Return to Medicine and Surgery==== In 2016, Ignazio Marino returned to the USA where he is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<ref name="jefferson.edu"/> At Jefferson he started a new curriculum for medical students: a selected group of students will attend the School of Medicine for 3 years in Europe and 3 years in the US and, eventually, they will be able to practice medicine in both continents. Dr. Marino is working with the Noble Laureate [[Alvin Roth]] to implement a new method aimed at increasing kidney transplantation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Global kidney exchange should expand wisely|year = 2020|last1 = Roth|first1 = Alvin E.|last2 = Marino|first2 = Ignazio R.|last3 = Ekwenna|first3 = Obi|last4 = Dunn|first4 = Ty B.|last5 = Paloyo|first5 = Siegfredo R.|last6 = Tan|first6 = Miguel|last7 = Correa‐Rotter|first7 = Ricardo|last8 = Kuhr|first8 = Christian S.|last9 = Marsh|first9 = Christopher L.|last10 = Ortiz|first10 = Jorge|last11 = Testa|first11 = Giuliano|last12 = Sindhwani|first12 = Puneet|last13 = Segev|first13 = Dorry L.|last14 = Rogers|first14 = Jeffrey|last15 = Punch|first15 = Jeffrey D.|last16 = Forbes|first16 = Rachel C.|last17 = Zimmerman|first17 = Michael A.|last18 = Ellis|first18 = Matthew J.|last19 = Rege|first19 = Aparna|last20 = Basagoitia|first20 = Laura|last21 = Krawiec|first21 = Kimberly D.|last22 = Rees|first22 = Michael A.|journal = Transplant International|volume = 33|issue = 9|pages = 985–988|pmid = 32430941|s2cid = 218760100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global kidney exchange should expand wisely|year=2020|last1=Roth|first1=Alvin E.|last2=Marino|first2=Ignazio R.|last3=Ekwenna|first3=Obi|last4=Dunn|first4=Ty B.|last5=Paloyo|first5=Siegfredo R.|last6=Tan|first6=Miguel|last7=Correa‐Rotter|first7=Ricardo|last8=Kuhr|first8=Christian S.|last9=Marsh|first9=Christopher L.|last10=Ortiz|first10=Jorge|last11=Testa|first11=Giuliano|last12=Sindhwani|first12=Puneet|last13=Segev|first13=Dorry L.|last14=Rogers|first14=Jeffrey|last15=Punch|first15=Jeffrey D.|last16=Forbes|first16=Rachel C.|last17=Zimmerman|first17=Michael A.|last18=Ellis|first18=Matthew J.|last19=Rege|first19=Aparna|last20=Basagoitia|first20=Laura|last21=Krawiec|first21=Kimberly D.|last22=Rees|first22=Michael A.|journal=Transplant International|volume=33|issue=9|pages=985–988|pmid=32430941|s2cid=218760100}}</ref> ==Notes and references== ;Notes {{reflist|2|group= n}} ;References {{Reflist|1}} {{Commons category}} {{Mayors of Rome}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marino, Ignazio}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Italian transplant surgeons]] [[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Politicians from Genoa]] [[Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty]] [[Category:Thomas Jefferson University faculty]] [[Category:Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni]] [[Category:Democratic Party (Italy) politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Italian politicians]] [[Category:Mayors of Rome]] [[Category:Members of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)]] [[Category:People of Sicilian descent]] [[Category:Physicians from Genoa]]'
فرق موحد للتغييرات المصنوعة بواسطة التعديل (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,39 +1,138 @@ -{{يتيمة|تاريخ=مارس 2019}} -{{صندوق معلومات شخص}} -'''إغنازيو مارينو''' {{لغة-إيطالية|Ignazio Marino}} هو [[جراح]] و[[سياسي]] [[إيطاليا|إيطالي]]، ولد في [[10 مارس]] [[1955]] في [[جنوة]] في [[إيطاليا]].<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=When Does Life Begin? Cardinal Martini Replies|مسار=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/51790bdc4.html?eng=y|ناشر=L'Espresso|تاريخ الوصول=13 October 2013| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085557/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/51790?eng=y | تاريخ أرشيف = 04 مارس 2016 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/rome-mayor-resigns-amid-expenses-scandal-ignazio-marino Rome mayor resigns amid expenses scandal | World news | The Guardian<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416175352/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/rome-mayor-resigns-amid-expenses-scandal-ignazio-marino |date=16 أبريل 2019}}</ref><ref name=Senato2013>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)|مسار=http://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/file/repository/composizione/elezioni2013/Eletti_Alfabetico_completo.pdf|عمل=Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura|ناشر=[[مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي]]|تاريخ الوصول=13 June 2013|تنسيق=[[نسق المستندات المنقولة]]|سنة=2013| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20180521072418/https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/file/repository/composizione/elezioni2013/Eletti_Alfabetico_completo.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 21 مايو 2018 }}</ref> [[حزب سياسي|حزبياً]]، نشط في [[الحزب الديمقراطي (إيطاليا)|الحزب الديمقراطي]]. +{{Infobox officeholder +| honorific-prefix = +| alma_mater = [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]] +| profession = Surgeon +| party = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] +| name = Ignazio Marino +| image = Ignazio Marino - Festivaletteratura 2012 01.JPG +| caption = Marino in 2012 +| order = 33rd [[Mayor of Rome]] +| term_start = 12 June 2013 +| term_end = 31 October 2015 +| predecessor = [[Gianni Alemanno]] +| successor = [[Virginia Raggi]] +| order2 = [[Italian Senate|Member of the Italian Senate]] +| term_start2 = 28 April 2006 +| term_end2 = 22 May 2013 +| birth_name = Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino +| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|3|10|df=y}} +| birth_place = [[Genoa]], [[Italy]] +| nationality = [[Italians|Italian]] +}} -== مناصب == -كجراح، تدرب مع توماس ستارزل، الذي كان رائدًا في زراعة الكبد عند البشر. في 1992-1993، كعضو في فريق توماس ستارزل في جامعة بيتسبرغ في الولايات المتحدة، أجرى عمليتي زرع كبد من حيوان الرباح (البابون) إلى إنسان. أسس مركز ISMETT لزراعة الأعضاء في باليرمو، صقلية. حيث كان مارينو الرئيس التنفيذي ومدير ISMETT من سنة 1997 حتى 2002. في عام 2001 أجرى أول عملية زرع أعضاء في إيطاليا لشخص مصاب بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية. في الولايات المتحدة، شغل منصب أستاذ الجراحة في جامعة بيتسبرغ وجامعة توماس جيفرسون في فيلادلفيا. +'''Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino'''<ref name=Senato2013>{{cite web|title=Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)|work=Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura|publisher=[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senato della Repubblica]]|access-date=13 June 2013|year=2013}}</ref> ({{IPA-it|iɲˈɲattsjo maˈriːno|pron}}; born 10 March 1955) is an [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Organ transplantation|transplant surgeon]] who was [[Mayor of Rome]] from 2013 to 2015. -من عام 2009 إلى عام 2015 كان عضوًا في الحزب الديمقراطي اليساري الوسطي وشغل مقعدًا في مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي من عام 2006 حتى انتخابه رئيسًا لبلدية روما. انتخب عمدة روما في يونيو 2013. بعد فترة وجيزة من فوزه في الانتخابات، اقتربت منه شبكة الجريمة المنظمة التي زورت العقود العامة واختلست الأموال. رفع مارينو القضية إلى النيابة، وبدأ فضيحة الفساد في روما عام 2014. في 12 أكتوبر 2015، استقال مارينو من مكتب العمدة وسط فضيحة مصاريف كان قد ارتكبها أحزاب المعارضة من حزبي حركة النجوم الخمسة و إخوة إيطاليا، ولكن في 29 أكتوبر تراجع عن الاستقالة.ومع ذلك، في 30 أكتوبر تم عزله من منصبه بعد استقالة 26 من أعضاء مجلس المدينة البالغ عددهم 48. في 7 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 2016، برأت محكمة روما مارينو من مزاعم الاختلاس والاحتيال والتزوير التي استقال لإثبات براءته منها، وحكمت المحكمة بالبراءة الكاملة وحكمت بأن أفعال مارينو "لا تشكل جريمة" وأن الوقائع المزعومة "لم تحدث"، وفقًا للمادة 530 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية الإيطالي +As a surgeon, he trained with [[Thomas Starzl]], who had pioneered [[liver transplantion]] in humans. In 1992&ndash;1993, as a member of [[Thomas Starzl]]'s team at the [[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine|University of Pittsburgh]] in the United States, he conducted two [[baboon]]-to-human [[liver]] [[xenotransplantation|transplants]]. He founded the [[ISMETT]] organ transplant center in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]; Marino was the CEO and the Director of [[ISMETT]] from 1997 until 2002. In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy for a person with [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]]. In the United States he has held chairs as Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh and at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]] in [[Philadelphia]]. -حاليًا، إجنازيو مارينو هو أستاذ الجراحة ونائب الرئيس التنفيذي في كلية الطب بجامعة توماس جيفرسون وجيفرسون هيلث في فيلادلفيا. -*[[انتخابات|انتخب]] عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (2 مارس 2013 – 22 مايو 2013). -* انتخب عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (21 أبريل 2008 – 14 مارس 2013). -* انتخب عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (19 أبريل 2006 – 28 أبريل 2008). -* انتخب {{Ill-WD2|id=Q23936560|target=en}} (12 يونيو 2013 – 31 أكتوبر 2015). +From 2009 to 2015 he was a member of the [[center-left]] [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] and held a seat in the [[Italian Senate]] from 2006 until his election as mayor of Rome. He was elected Mayor of Rome in June 2013. Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the [[2014 Rome corruption scandal]]. On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned from the Office of Mayor amidst an expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of [[Five Star Movement|M5S]] and [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)|Fratelli d'Italia]], but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery which he had stepped down to prove his innocence, the court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P. -== مراجع == -{{مراجع}} +Currently, Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia. -== وصلات خارجية == -* {{روابط فنية}} +== Biography == -* {{موقع رسمي}} -{{تصنيف كومنز|Ignazio Marino}} -{{ضبط استنادي}} -{{شريط بوابات|إيطاليا|السياسة|أعلام|روما}} -{{بذرة سياسي إيطالي}} +=== Early life and education === +Marino was born in Genoa to a Sicilian father and a Swiss mother and is the oldest of three children (he has two sisters). He graduated in Medicine and Surgery from the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]] in [[Rome]]. -[[تصنيف:أشخاص من أصول صقلية]] -[[تصنيف:أشخاص من جنوة]] -[[تصنيف:أعضاء مجلس شيوخ الجمهورية الإيطالية]] -[[تصنيف:خريجو جامعة القلب المقدس الكاثوليكية]] -[[تصنيف:رومان كاثوليك إيطاليون]] -[[تصنيف:سياسيو الحزب الديمقراطي الإيطالي]] -[[تصنيف:سياسيون إيطاليون في القرن 21]] -[[تصنيف:سياسيون من جنوة]] -[[تصنيف:عمدات في روما]] -[[تصنيف:كلية جامعة بيتسبرغ]] -[[تصنيف:مواليد 1955]] -[[تصنيف:أطباء من جنوة]] +=== Medical career === +Board-certified in General and Vascular Surgery, he spent 4 years training in the 2 most prestigious transplant centers in the world: the Transplantation Institute of the [[University of Cambridge]], England (then the only [[liver transplantion]] division in Europe), directed by Prof. Sir [[Roy Y. Calne]]. During his time in Cambridge, Dr. Marino published a paper on the reperfusion syndrome occurring during [[liver transplantion]] (Transplantation, 1985). The paper is still quoted today as a thorough study of this complex clinical syndrome; and the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute at the [[University of Pittsburgh]], directed by Dr. Thomas E. Starzl, the pioneer who in 1963 performed the first [[liver transplantion]] on a human being. In Pittsburgh, Dr. Marino completed an American Society of Transplant Surgeons approved multi-organ transplant fellowship under the direct leadership of Dr. Starzl and was hired by him as an attending physician and a Faculty member in 1991. Pittsburgh was then by far the most active [[Liver transplantation]] center in the world: for example, in 1990-1991 alone, more than 1,000 [[liver transplantion]] were performed at the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute. + +In 1988, Marino published on Cancer the first paper ever showing that the Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma could be successfully treated with [[liver transplantion]]. + +In 1992 Ignazio Marino was appointed Associate Director of the National Liver Transplant Center of the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] of Pittsburgh, then the only [[Liver transplantation]] department of the Government of the [[United States]]. Marino was a member of the surgical team which in June 1992 and January 1993 performed two [[baboon]]-to-human liver [[xenotransplants]] in a clinical trial coordinated by Starzl.<ref name=Starzl1994>{{cite journal|last=Starzl|first=TE|author2=Murase, N |author3=Tzakis, A |author4=Fung, JJ |author5=Todo, S |author6=Demetris, AJ |author7=Manez, R |author8=Marino, IR |author9= Valdivia, L |title=Clinical xenotransplantation.|journal=Xenotransplantation|date=August 1994|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–7|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3089.1994.tb00044.x|pmid=21151801|pmc=3000172}}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Although partially successful on purely technical grounds, this novel approach to the treatment of terminal [[cirrhosis]] from [[chronic hepatitis B]] infection turned out to be a clinical dead end. These were the first xenotransplants (i.e. animal-to-human organ transplants) to be performed since the case of [[Baby Fae]] (a 2.2&nbsp; kg newborn infant who had survived just 21 days after receiving a baboon heart in 1984). Despite their different size, baboons share many of the physiological and genetic characteristics of human beings but are resistant to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Both transplanted patients had terminal [[liver failure]] due to hepatitis B. One, an [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]]-positive 35-year-old man, lived 70 days after the transplant and maintained nearly normal [[liver function]], the other, a 62-year-old man, survived 26 days without regaining consciousness.<ref name=Starzl1994/> This clinical strategy was not pursued. In addition to clinical problems, such as [[organ rejection]], there exists a threat of possible cross-species transmission of disease, as well as other [[bioethical]]/[[animal rights|animalist]] concerns. At the time, these two xenotransplants provoked heated controversy in this regard.|group= n}}. + +In 1995, Marino published a paper showing, for the first time, that the age and sex of the donor are linked to different patient survival after liver transplantation. + +In 1997 Marino founded the [[ISMETT]] (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies) organ transplant center in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]. Marino was the CEO and the Director of [[ISMETT]] from 1997 until 2002, the first [[liver transplantion]] center in [[Sicily]], founded through a partnership between the [[University of Pittsburgh Medical Center]] and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Italy [[Ministry of Health (Italy)]]of the [[:Category:Government of Italy]]. + +In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy on a person with [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]] undergoing [[highly active antiretroviral therapy]]—a [[kidney transplant]] made in response to a personal request from the patient himself (along with the [[organ donor|donor]], his father), who had been turned down by other Italian transplant centres. A clinical success, the operation sparked an institutional dispute in Italy at the time.{{#tag:ref| The Minister of Health, [[Girolamo Sirchia]], publicly criticized Marino for undertaking the operation,<ref name=Primo2001/> and the National Transplant Centre (CNT) advised him not to perform any further transplants on people with HIV.<ref name="Criscenti 2001">{{cite news|last=Criscenti|first=Gianfranco|title=L'Hiv esclude il trapianto?|access-date=11 June 2013|newspaper=Galileo - giornale di scienza|date=6 October 2001|language=Italian}}</ref> This stance conflicted with the opinion of the president of the [[bioethics]] panel of the [[Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche|National Research Council]] who openly supported Marino's decision, as well as with views expressed by (among others) the president of the National Bioethics Committee, [[Giovanni Berlinguer]], who argued that people with HIV should not be excluded ''a priori'' from the benefits of transplantation.<ref name="Criscenti 2001"/> Nowadays, similar transplants are routinely conducted both in Italy and elsewhere.<ref name=Bossini2012>{{cite journal|last=Bossini|first=N|author2=Sandrini, S |author3=Valerio, F |title=[Kidney transplant in patients with HIV infection]|journal=Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia |date=July–August 2012 |volume=29|issue=4|pages=404–17|pmid=22843153|language=Italian, English}}</ref><ref name=Norman2012>{{cite journal|last=Norman|first=SP|author2=Kommareddi, M |author3=Kaul, DR |title=Update on kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients|journal=AIDS Reviews|date=July–September 2012|volume=14|issue=3|pages=195–207|pmid=22833063}}</ref>|group= n}} + +In 2002 Marino moved to [[Philadelphia]] at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]]. At the [[Thomas Jefferson University]] the [[liver transplantion]] Program was in need of general reorganization. Under Dr. Marino’s lead, clinical outcomes started to improve dramatically. [[Thomas Jefferson University]]’s 1-year [[liver transplantion]] patient survival rate went from 78% to 100% and [[Thomas Jefferson University]]’s 30-months [[liver transplantion]] patient survival rate went from 56% to 92% according to a [[Kaplan–Meier estimator]] actuarial curve. + +Ignazio Marino is the recipients of several international medical awards, including but not limited to the 2010 Award for contributions to the fight against AIDS; Honorary Doctor of Science degree (2015) at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]]; the Longmire Professorship of the [[David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA]] and the Longmire Surgical Society. + +Marino has personally performed over 650 transplants. Marino delivered more than 700 international scientific lectures and is the author of over 500 [[peer-review]] articles and has authored several scientific books. In 2005 he published a book with [[Giulio Einaudi Editore|Einaudi]] ("Le Vele" series) entitled ''Credere e curare'' ("Treating and Believing"); the book deals with the medical profession and the influence that faith, seen as a religious creed but also as compassion, solidarity, and empathy towards all human beings, has upon it. In 2005 he founded Imagine ONLUS, an international non-profit organization engaged in international solidarity activities with special regard to health issues. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of ''[[Organ transplant|Transplantation]],'' ''[[Liver Transplantation]],'' ''[[Clinical Transplantation]],'' and 9 other international scientific journals. + +Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and, from 2020, Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<ref name="jefferson.edu"/> + +In 2020, Marino was appointed Member of the Board of Directors of the Philadelphia International Medicine. + +=== Political career === + +==== Entry into politics ==== +A good friend of [[Massimo D'Alema]], Marino was persuaded by him to enter into politics as an independent candidate with the [[Democrats of the Left]] in the [[2006 Italian general election|2006 general elections]], and was elected as a Senator. +On June 6, 2006, Marino was elected Chair of the Health Committee of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)]]. Among the main achievements of Senator Marino as Chair of the Health Committee: +- a national law was proposed and approved to manage and reduce patients' waiting list time and to establish new rules for public/private physicians' practice in Italian National Health Care System hospitals; +- a law proposal on living will that started a national debate; +- an international meeting on living will from the clinical, bioethical and religious perspectives, attended by the President of Italy; +- a national law was proposed and approved that allocates 180 million euro per year for a total of 10 years to patients who have been infected (hepatitis, HIV) during hospital care; +- a national law was proposed and approved to allocate dedicated funds in the national budget law for researchers under 40 in the biomedical field according to peer review criteria by an international committee - a dramatic innovation in the Italian research funds allocation system. +Given his professional background, in his new capacity, he promoted several legislative activities mainly dealing with healthcare, education, scientific research, and bioethics. + +Following the fall of [[Romano Prodi]]'s government and an [[2008 Italian general election|early election held in 2008]], he was confirmed in the Senate, where he was appointed whip of the Democratic Party in the Standing Committee on Health and Chair of the Investigative Committee on National Health System. In his second tenure as a Senator, Marino gained public exposure due to his strong support for the right to die and a clear [[advance health care directive]] law during the dramatic final days of [[Eluana Englaro]], which caused widespread debate and a constitutional crisis within Italy. Following such events, Marino has become recognizable in Italian politics as a strong advocate of a lay country, gaining vocal support from left-wing parties and the [[Italian Radicals]], but also being criticized by socially conservative politicians also within the Democratic Party, such as [[Paola Binetti]]. During his mandate, he has promoted: +- a national study on quality assurance and outcomes of all major healthcare districts in Italy; +- an investigation on the much-debated and controversial death of an inmate; +- a national investigation on mental illnesses and psychiatric care; +- a national investigation on severe disabilities and their treatments; +- a national investigation on corruption in the National Health Care System; +- a national investigation on hospitals built-in or near earthquake areas. + +In June 2009 he publicly announced his intention to run as a candidate for the [[2009 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election|Democratic Party leadership election]] in October. His leadership election platform was mostly focused on [[Economic, social and cultural rights|social rights]], [[public health]] and [[environmentalism]]. He came third in the election, winning 12.5% of the votes. + +====Mayor of Rome==== +Marino ran the [[2013 Rome municipal election|2013 election]] for [[Mayor of Rome]] with the support of a [[centre-left]] alliance. After leading in the first round he was elected (on 10 June) Mayor of Rome at the second ballot, winning 63.9% of the votes in a run-off against the [[centre-right]] candidate, the incumbent mayor [[Gianni Alemanno]].<ref name=Elezioni2013>{{cite news|title=Elezioni Comunali 2013, Liste e risultati: Roma|newspaper=La Repubblica|date=10 June 2013}}</ref> + +Among Marino's projects has been the visionary but controversial closing of the [[Via dei Fori Imperiali]] and [[Piazza di Spagna]] to cars and opening to pedestrian and bicycle traffic only. Mayor Marino cited his experiences as a cyclist in Philadelphia as the foundation for his having learned to live without a car. + +Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the [[2014 Rome corruption scandal]]. + +Ignazio Marino is the only Mayor of Rome ever invited to the [[World Economic Forum]] Annual Meeting (Davos, January 22–25, 2014) +At Davos Marino networked with the Coca Cola CEO, Muhtar Kent, and the McKinsey CEO, Dominic Barton, to discuss philanthropic fundraising for the archeology in Rome + +On October 18, 2014, Marino registered the marriages of 16 same-sex couples who requested it to the Municipality, which followed similar acts by other Italian mayors. Same-sex marriages and civil unions were illegal in Italy at the time, and by registering the marriages, Mayor Marino hoped to force the hand of national legislators to clarify a deepening legal muddle around same-sex unions, particularly for Italians married abroad. Same-sex civil unions were eventually [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy|legalized in Italy]] in 2016. + +On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned amidst an accusation of expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S [[Five Star Movement]] and Fratelli d'Italia [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)]], but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. He was replaced by a government-appointed commissioner. + +On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S [[Five Star Movement]] and Fratelli d'Italia [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)]] and after which he had stepped down to prove his innocence. The court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P. +In summary, upon his election, he found [[Rome]] on the verge of bankruptcy. +In 2013, Rome was in the red with a loss of $888 million. Furthermore, its public transport system had a loss of $951 million. +In 28 months Ignazio Marino balanced both budgets. +He also conducted intense fundraising activity, attracting national and international resources, involving philanthropists who were interested in supporting Rome’s activity to preserve its archeological heritage. On the whole, in 28 months he raised over $14 million (€13.167.313). +Among his decisions as Mayor: +• the promotion of a new development plan that brought to the requalification of abandoned urban areas and to a total of private investments close to $2 billion; +• the closing of Rome’s landfill, the largest in the world, and the promotion of efficient policies of the differentiated waste collection; +• the opening of a new subway line with 21 new stations covering a total of 18&nbsp;km railways; +• the cutting of internal excessive spendings and the creation of a single purchasing center; +• involving tax police officers to check the city books left by previous administrations; +• the close collaboration with prosecutors investigating on mafia affiliations; +• the pedestrianization of large portions of the city center; +• the registration of same-sex unions, still unregulated under the Italian law; +• the protection of large green areas from real estate speculation. + +====Return to Medicine and Surgery==== +In 2016, Ignazio Marino returned to the USA where he is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<ref name="jefferson.edu"/> At Jefferson he started a new curriculum for medical students: a selected group of students will attend the School of Medicine for 3 years in Europe and 3 years in the US and, eventually, they will be able to practice medicine in both continents. Dr. Marino is working with the Noble Laureate [[Alvin Roth]] to implement a new method aimed at increasing kidney transplantation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Global kidney exchange should expand wisely|year = 2020|last1 = Roth|first1 = Alvin E.|last2 = Marino|first2 = Ignazio R.|last3 = Ekwenna|first3 = Obi|last4 = Dunn|first4 = Ty B.|last5 = Paloyo|first5 = Siegfredo R.|last6 = Tan|first6 = Miguel|last7 = Correa‐Rotter|first7 = Ricardo|last8 = Kuhr|first8 = Christian S.|last9 = Marsh|first9 = Christopher L.|last10 = Ortiz|first10 = Jorge|last11 = Testa|first11 = Giuliano|last12 = Sindhwani|first12 = Puneet|last13 = Segev|first13 = Dorry L.|last14 = Rogers|first14 = Jeffrey|last15 = Punch|first15 = Jeffrey D.|last16 = Forbes|first16 = Rachel C.|last17 = Zimmerman|first17 = Michael A.|last18 = Ellis|first18 = Matthew J.|last19 = Rege|first19 = Aparna|last20 = Basagoitia|first20 = Laura|last21 = Krawiec|first21 = Kimberly D.|last22 = Rees|first22 = Michael A.|journal = Transplant International|volume = 33|issue = 9|pages = 985–988|pmid = 32430941|s2cid = 218760100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global kidney exchange should expand wisely|year=2020|last1=Roth|first1=Alvin E.|last2=Marino|first2=Ignazio R.|last3=Ekwenna|first3=Obi|last4=Dunn|first4=Ty B.|last5=Paloyo|first5=Siegfredo R.|last6=Tan|first6=Miguel|last7=Correa‐Rotter|first7=Ricardo|last8=Kuhr|first8=Christian S.|last9=Marsh|first9=Christopher L.|last10=Ortiz|first10=Jorge|last11=Testa|first11=Giuliano|last12=Sindhwani|first12=Puneet|last13=Segev|first13=Dorry L.|last14=Rogers|first14=Jeffrey|last15=Punch|first15=Jeffrey D.|last16=Forbes|first16=Rachel C.|last17=Zimmerman|first17=Michael A.|last18=Ellis|first18=Matthew J.|last19=Rege|first19=Aparna|last20=Basagoitia|first20=Laura|last21=Krawiec|first21=Kimberly D.|last22=Rees|first22=Michael A.|journal=Transplant International|volume=33|issue=9|pages=985–988|pmid=32430941|s2cid=218760100}}</ref> + +==Notes and references== +;Notes +{{reflist|2|group= n}} +;References +{{Reflist|1}} +{{Commons category}} + +{{Mayors of Rome}} +{{Authority control}} + +{{DEFAULTSORT:Marino, Ignazio}} +[[Category:1955 births]] +[[Category:Living people]] +[[Category:Italian transplant surgeons]] +[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]] +[[Category:Politicians from Genoa]] +[[Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty]] +[[Category:Thomas Jefferson University faculty]] +[[Category:Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni]] +[[Category:Democratic Party (Italy) politicians]] +[[Category:21st-century Italian politicians]] +[[Category:Mayors of Rome]] +[[Category:Members of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)]] +[[Category:People of Sicilian descent]] +[[Category:Physicians from Genoa]] '
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[ 0 => '{{Infobox officeholder ', 1 => '| honorific-prefix = ', 2 => '| alma_mater = [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]]', 3 => '| profession = Surgeon', 4 => '| party = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]]', 5 => '| name = Ignazio Marino', 6 => '| image = Ignazio Marino - Festivaletteratura 2012 01.JPG', 7 => '| caption = Marino in 2012', 8 => '| order = 33rd [[Mayor of Rome]]', 9 => '| term_start = 12 June 2013', 10 => '| term_end = 31 October 2015', 11 => '| predecessor = [[Gianni Alemanno]]', 12 => '| successor = [[Virginia Raggi]]', 13 => '| order2 = [[Italian Senate|Member of the Italian Senate]]', 14 => '| term_start2 = 28 April 2006', 15 => '| term_end2 = 22 May 2013', 16 => '| birth_name = Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino', 17 => '| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|3|10|df=y}}', 18 => '| birth_place = [[Genoa]], [[Italy]]', 19 => '| nationality = [[Italians|Italian]]', 20 => '}}', 21 => ''''Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino'''<ref name=Senato2013>{{cite web|title=Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)|work=Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura|publisher=[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senato della Repubblica]]|access-date=13 June 2013|year=2013}}</ref> ({{IPA-it|iɲˈɲattsjo maˈriːno|pron}}; born 10 March 1955) is an [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Organ transplantation|transplant surgeon]] who was [[Mayor of Rome]] from 2013 to 2015.', 22 => 'As a surgeon, he trained with [[Thomas Starzl]], who had pioneered [[liver transplantion]] in humans. In 1992&ndash;1993, as a member of [[Thomas Starzl]]'s team at the [[University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine|University of Pittsburgh]] in the United States, he conducted two [[baboon]]-to-human [[liver]] [[xenotransplantation|transplants]]. He founded the [[ISMETT]] organ transplant center in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]; Marino was the CEO and the Director of [[ISMETT]] from 1997 until 2002. In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy for a person with [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]]. In the United States he has held chairs as Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh and at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]] in [[Philadelphia]].', 23 => 'From 2009 to 2015 he was a member of the [[center-left]] [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] and held a seat in the [[Italian Senate]] from 2006 until his election as mayor of Rome. He was elected Mayor of Rome in June 2013. Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the [[2014 Rome corruption scandal]]. On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned from the Office of Mayor amidst an expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of [[Five Star Movement|M5S]] and [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)|Fratelli d'Italia]], but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery which he had stepped down to prove his innocence, the court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P.', 24 => 'Currently, Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.', 25 => '== Biography ==', 26 => '=== Early life and education ===', 27 => 'Marino was born in Genoa to a Sicilian father and a Swiss mother and is the oldest of three children (he has two sisters). He graduated in Medicine and Surgery from the [[Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore]] in [[Rome]].', 28 => '=== Medical career ===', 29 => 'Board-certified in General and Vascular Surgery, he spent 4 years training in the 2 most prestigious transplant centers in the world: the Transplantation Institute of the [[University of Cambridge]], England (then the only [[liver transplantion]] division in Europe), directed by Prof. Sir [[Roy Y. Calne]]. During his time in Cambridge, Dr. Marino published a paper on the reperfusion syndrome occurring during [[liver transplantion]] (Transplantation, 1985). The paper is still quoted today as a thorough study of this complex clinical syndrome; and the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute at the [[University of Pittsburgh]], directed by Dr. Thomas E. Starzl, the pioneer who in 1963 performed the first [[liver transplantion]] on a human being. In Pittsburgh, Dr. Marino completed an American Society of Transplant Surgeons approved multi-organ transplant fellowship under the direct leadership of Dr. Starzl and was hired by him as an attending physician and a Faculty member in 1991. Pittsburgh was then by far the most active [[Liver transplantation]] center in the world: for example, in 1990-1991 alone, more than 1,000 [[liver transplantion]] were performed at the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute.', 30 => '', 31 => 'In 1988, Marino published on Cancer the first paper ever showing that the Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma could be successfully treated with [[liver transplantion]].', 32 => '', 33 => 'In 1992 Ignazio Marino was appointed Associate Director of the National Liver Transplant Center of the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] of Pittsburgh, then the only [[Liver transplantation]] department of the Government of the [[United States]]. Marino was a member of the surgical team which in June 1992 and January 1993 performed two [[baboon]]-to-human liver [[xenotransplants]] in a clinical trial coordinated by Starzl.<ref name=Starzl1994>{{cite journal|last=Starzl|first=TE|author2=Murase, N |author3=Tzakis, A |author4=Fung, JJ |author5=Todo, S |author6=Demetris, AJ |author7=Manez, R |author8=Marino, IR |author9= Valdivia, L |title=Clinical xenotransplantation.|journal=Xenotransplantation|date=August 1994|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–7|doi=10.1111/j.1399-3089.1994.tb00044.x|pmid=21151801|pmc=3000172}}</ref>{{#tag:ref| Although partially successful on purely technical grounds, this novel approach to the treatment of terminal [[cirrhosis]] from [[chronic hepatitis B]] infection turned out to be a clinical dead end. These were the first xenotransplants (i.e. animal-to-human organ transplants) to be performed since the case of [[Baby Fae]] (a 2.2&nbsp; kg newborn infant who had survived just 21 days after receiving a baboon heart in 1984). Despite their different size, baboons share many of the physiological and genetic characteristics of human beings but are resistant to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Both transplanted patients had terminal [[liver failure]] due to hepatitis B. One, an [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]]-positive 35-year-old man, lived 70 days after the transplant and maintained nearly normal [[liver function]], the other, a 62-year-old man, survived 26 days without regaining consciousness.<ref name=Starzl1994/> This clinical strategy was not pursued. In addition to clinical problems, such as [[organ rejection]], there exists a threat of possible cross-species transmission of disease, as well as other [[bioethical]]/[[animal rights|animalist]] concerns. At the time, these two xenotransplants provoked heated controversy in this regard.|group= n}}.', 34 => '', 35 => 'In 1995, Marino published a paper showing, for the first time, that the age and sex of the donor are linked to different patient survival after liver transplantation.', 36 => '', 37 => 'In 1997 Marino founded the [[ISMETT]] (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies) organ transplant center in [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]. Marino was the CEO and the Director of [[ISMETT]] from 1997 until 2002, the first [[liver transplantion]] center in [[Sicily]], founded through a partnership between the [[University of Pittsburgh Medical Center]] and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Italy [[Ministry of Health (Italy)]]of the [[:Category:Government of Italy]].', 38 => '', 39 => 'In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy on a person with [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]] undergoing [[highly active antiretroviral therapy]]—a [[kidney transplant]] made in response to a personal request from the patient himself (along with the [[organ donor|donor]], his father), who had been turned down by other Italian transplant centres. A clinical success, the operation sparked an institutional dispute in Italy at the time.{{#tag:ref| The Minister of Health, [[Girolamo Sirchia]], publicly criticized Marino for undertaking the operation,<ref name=Primo2001/> and the National Transplant Centre (CNT) advised him not to perform any further transplants on people with HIV.<ref name="Criscenti 2001">{{cite news|last=Criscenti|first=Gianfranco|title=L'Hiv esclude il trapianto?|access-date=11 June 2013|newspaper=Galileo - giornale di scienza|date=6 October 2001|language=Italian}}</ref> This stance conflicted with the opinion of the president of the [[bioethics]] panel of the [[Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche|National Research Council]] who openly supported Marino's decision, as well as with views expressed by (among others) the president of the National Bioethics Committee, [[Giovanni Berlinguer]], who argued that people with HIV should not be excluded ''a priori'' from the benefits of transplantation.<ref name="Criscenti 2001"/> Nowadays, similar transplants are routinely conducted both in Italy and elsewhere.<ref name=Bossini2012>{{cite journal|last=Bossini|first=N|author2=Sandrini, S |author3=Valerio, F |title=[Kidney transplant in patients with HIV infection]|journal=Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia |date=July–August 2012 |volume=29|issue=4|pages=404–17|pmid=22843153|language=Italian, English}}</ref><ref name=Norman2012>{{cite journal|last=Norman|first=SP|author2=Kommareddi, M |author3=Kaul, DR |title=Update on kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients|journal=AIDS Reviews|date=July–September 2012|volume=14|issue=3|pages=195–207|pmid=22833063}}</ref>|group= n}}', 40 => '', 41 => 'In 2002 Marino moved to [[Philadelphia]] at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]]. At the [[Thomas Jefferson University]] the [[liver transplantion]] Program was in need of general reorganization. Under Dr. Marino’s lead, clinical outcomes started to improve dramatically. [[Thomas Jefferson University]]’s 1-year [[liver transplantion]] patient survival rate went from 78% to 100% and [[Thomas Jefferson University]]’s 30-months [[liver transplantion]] patient survival rate went from 56% to 92% according to a [[Kaplan–Meier estimator]] actuarial curve.', 42 => '', 43 => 'Ignazio Marino is the recipients of several international medical awards, including but not limited to the 2010 Award for contributions to the fight against AIDS; Honorary Doctor of Science degree (2015) at the [[Thomas Jefferson University]]; the Longmire Professorship of the [[David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA]] and the Longmire Surgical Society.', 44 => ' ', 45 => 'Marino has personally performed over 650 transplants. Marino delivered more than 700 international scientific lectures and is the author of over 500 [[peer-review]] articles and has authored several scientific books. In 2005 he published a book with [[Giulio Einaudi Editore|Einaudi]] ("Le Vele" series) entitled ''Credere e curare'' ("Treating and Believing"); the book deals with the medical profession and the influence that faith, seen as a religious creed but also as compassion, solidarity, and empathy towards all human beings, has upon it. In 2005 he founded Imagine ONLUS, an international non-profit organization engaged in international solidarity activities with special regard to health issues. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of ''[[Organ transplant|Transplantation]],'' ''[[Liver Transplantation]],'' ''[[Clinical Transplantation]],'' and 9 other international scientific journals.', 46 => '', 47 => 'Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and, from 2020, Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<ref name="jefferson.edu"/>', 48 => '', 49 => 'In 2020, Marino was appointed Member of the Board of Directors of the Philadelphia International Medicine.', 50 => '', 51 => '=== Political career ===', 52 => '', 53 => '==== Entry into politics ====', 54 => 'A good friend of [[Massimo D'Alema]], Marino was persuaded by him to enter into politics as an independent candidate with the [[Democrats of the Left]] in the [[2006 Italian general election|2006 general elections]], and was elected as a Senator.', 55 => 'On June 6, 2006, Marino was elected Chair of the Health Committee of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)]]. Among the main achievements of Senator Marino as Chair of the Health Committee:', 56 => '- a national law was proposed and approved to manage and reduce patients' waiting list time and to establish new rules for public/private physicians' practice in Italian National Health Care System hospitals;', 57 => '- a law proposal on living will that started a national debate;', 58 => '- an international meeting on living will from the clinical, bioethical and religious perspectives, attended by the President of Italy;', 59 => '- a national law was proposed and approved that allocates 180 million euro per year for a total of 10 years to patients who have been infected (hepatitis, HIV) during hospital care;', 60 => '- a national law was proposed and approved to allocate dedicated funds in the national budget law for researchers under 40 in the biomedical field according to peer review criteria by an international committee - a dramatic innovation in the Italian research funds allocation system.', 61 => 'Given his professional background, in his new capacity, he promoted several legislative activities mainly dealing with healthcare, education, scientific research, and bioethics.', 62 => '', 63 => 'Following the fall of [[Romano Prodi]]'s government and an [[2008 Italian general election|early election held in 2008]], he was confirmed in the Senate, where he was appointed whip of the Democratic Party in the Standing Committee on Health and Chair of the Investigative Committee on National Health System. In his second tenure as a Senator, Marino gained public exposure due to his strong support for the right to die and a clear [[advance health care directive]] law during the dramatic final days of [[Eluana Englaro]], which caused widespread debate and a constitutional crisis within Italy. Following such events, Marino has become recognizable in Italian politics as a strong advocate of a lay country, gaining vocal support from left-wing parties and the [[Italian Radicals]], but also being criticized by socially conservative politicians also within the Democratic Party, such as [[Paola Binetti]]. During his mandate, he has promoted:', 64 => '- a national study on quality assurance and outcomes of all major healthcare districts in Italy;', 65 => '- an investigation on the much-debated and controversial death of an inmate;', 66 => '- a national investigation on mental illnesses and psychiatric care;', 67 => '- a national investigation on severe disabilities and their treatments;', 68 => '- a national investigation on corruption in the National Health Care System;', 69 => '- a national investigation on hospitals built-in or near earthquake areas.', 70 => '', 71 => 'In June 2009 he publicly announced his intention to run as a candidate for the [[2009 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election|Democratic Party leadership election]] in October. His leadership election platform was mostly focused on [[Economic, social and cultural rights|social rights]], [[public health]] and [[environmentalism]]. He came third in the election, winning 12.5% of the votes.', 72 => '', 73 => '====Mayor of Rome====', 74 => 'Marino ran the [[2013 Rome municipal election|2013 election]] for [[Mayor of Rome]] with the support of a [[centre-left]] alliance. After leading in the first round he was elected (on 10 June) Mayor of Rome at the second ballot, winning 63.9% of the votes in a run-off against the [[centre-right]] candidate, the incumbent mayor [[Gianni Alemanno]].<ref name=Elezioni2013>{{cite news|title=Elezioni Comunali 2013, Liste e risultati: Roma|newspaper=La Repubblica|date=10 June 2013}}</ref>', 75 => '', 76 => 'Among Marino's projects has been the visionary but controversial closing of the [[Via dei Fori Imperiali]] and [[Piazza di Spagna]] to cars and opening to pedestrian and bicycle traffic only. Mayor Marino cited his experiences as a cyclist in Philadelphia as the foundation for his having learned to live without a car.', 77 => '', 78 => 'Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the [[2014 Rome corruption scandal]].', 79 => '', 80 => 'Ignazio Marino is the only Mayor of Rome ever invited to the [[World Economic Forum]] Annual Meeting (Davos, January 22–25, 2014) ', 81 => 'At Davos Marino networked with the Coca Cola CEO, Muhtar Kent, and the McKinsey CEO, Dominic Barton, to discuss philanthropic fundraising for the archeology in Rome', 82 => '', 83 => 'On October 18, 2014, Marino registered the marriages of 16 same-sex couples who requested it to the Municipality, which followed similar acts by other Italian mayors. Same-sex marriages and civil unions were illegal in Italy at the time, and by registering the marriages, Mayor Marino hoped to force the hand of national legislators to clarify a deepening legal muddle around same-sex unions, particularly for Italians married abroad. Same-sex civil unions were eventually [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy|legalized in Italy]] in 2016.', 84 => '', 85 => 'On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned amidst an accusation of expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S [[Five Star Movement]] and Fratelli d'Italia [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)]], but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. He was replaced by a government-appointed commissioner.', 86 => '', 87 => 'On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S [[Five Star Movement]] and Fratelli d'Italia [[Fratelli d'Italia (political party)]] and after which he had stepped down to prove his innocence. The court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P.', 88 => 'In summary, upon his election, he found [[Rome]] on the verge of bankruptcy.', 89 => 'In 2013, Rome was in the red with a loss of $888 million. Furthermore, its public transport system had a loss of $951 million.', 90 => 'In 28 months Ignazio Marino balanced both budgets.', 91 => 'He also conducted intense fundraising activity, attracting national and international resources, involving philanthropists who were interested in supporting Rome’s activity to preserve its archeological heritage. On the whole, in 28 months he raised over $14 million (€13.167.313).', 92 => 'Among his decisions as Mayor:', 93 => '• the promotion of a new development plan that brought to the requalification of abandoned urban areas and to a total of private investments close to $2 billion;', 94 => '• the closing of Rome’s landfill, the largest in the world, and the promotion of efficient policies of the differentiated waste collection;', 95 => '• the opening of a new subway line with 21 new stations covering a total of 18&nbsp;km railways;', 96 => '• the cutting of internal excessive spendings and the creation of a single purchasing center;', 97 => '• involving tax police officers to check the city books left by previous administrations;', 98 => '• the close collaboration with prosecutors investigating on mafia affiliations;', 99 => '• the pedestrianization of large portions of the city center;', 100 => '• the registration of same-sex unions, still unregulated under the Italian law;', 101 => '• the protection of large green areas from real estate speculation.', 102 => '', 103 => '====Return to Medicine and Surgery====', 104 => 'In 2016, Ignazio Marino returned to the USA where he is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<ref name="jefferson.edu"/> At Jefferson he started a new curriculum for medical students: a selected group of students will attend the School of Medicine for 3 years in Europe and 3 years in the US and, eventually, they will be able to practice medicine in both continents. Dr. Marino is working with the Noble Laureate [[Alvin Roth]] to implement a new method aimed at increasing kidney transplantation.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Global kidney exchange should expand wisely|year = 2020|last1 = Roth|first1 = Alvin E.|last2 = Marino|first2 = Ignazio R.|last3 = Ekwenna|first3 = Obi|last4 = Dunn|first4 = Ty B.|last5 = Paloyo|first5 = Siegfredo R.|last6 = Tan|first6 = Miguel|last7 = Correa‐Rotter|first7 = Ricardo|last8 = Kuhr|first8 = Christian S.|last9 = Marsh|first9 = Christopher L.|last10 = Ortiz|first10 = Jorge|last11 = Testa|first11 = Giuliano|last12 = Sindhwani|first12 = Puneet|last13 = Segev|first13 = Dorry L.|last14 = Rogers|first14 = Jeffrey|last15 = Punch|first15 = Jeffrey D.|last16 = Forbes|first16 = Rachel C.|last17 = Zimmerman|first17 = Michael A.|last18 = Ellis|first18 = Matthew J.|last19 = Rege|first19 = Aparna|last20 = Basagoitia|first20 = Laura|last21 = Krawiec|first21 = Kimberly D.|last22 = Rees|first22 = Michael A.|journal = Transplant International|volume = 33|issue = 9|pages = 985–988|pmid = 32430941|s2cid = 218760100}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global kidney exchange should expand wisely|year=2020|last1=Roth|first1=Alvin E.|last2=Marino|first2=Ignazio R.|last3=Ekwenna|first3=Obi|last4=Dunn|first4=Ty B.|last5=Paloyo|first5=Siegfredo R.|last6=Tan|first6=Miguel|last7=Correa‐Rotter|first7=Ricardo|last8=Kuhr|first8=Christian S.|last9=Marsh|first9=Christopher L.|last10=Ortiz|first10=Jorge|last11=Testa|first11=Giuliano|last12=Sindhwani|first12=Puneet|last13=Segev|first13=Dorry L.|last14=Rogers|first14=Jeffrey|last15=Punch|first15=Jeffrey D.|last16=Forbes|first16=Rachel C.|last17=Zimmerman|first17=Michael A.|last18=Ellis|first18=Matthew J.|last19=Rege|first19=Aparna|last20=Basagoitia|first20=Laura|last21=Krawiec|first21=Kimberly D.|last22=Rees|first22=Michael A.|journal=Transplant International|volume=33|issue=9|pages=985–988|pmid=32430941|s2cid=218760100}}</ref>', 105 => '', 106 => '==Notes and references==', 107 => ';Notes', 108 => '{{reflist|2|group= n}}', 109 => ';References', 110 => '{{Reflist|1}}', 111 => '{{Commons category}}', 112 => '', 113 => '{{Mayors of Rome}}', 114 => '{{Authority control}}', 115 => '', 116 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Marino, Ignazio}}', 117 => '[[Category:1955 births]]', 118 => '[[Category:Living people]]', 119 => '[[Category:Italian transplant surgeons]]', 120 => '[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]', 121 => '[[Category:Politicians from Genoa]]', 122 => '[[Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty]]', 123 => '[[Category:Thomas Jefferson University faculty]]', 124 => '[[Category:Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore alumni]]', 125 => '[[Category:Democratic Party (Italy) politicians]]', 126 => '[[Category:21st-century Italian politicians]]', 127 => '[[Category:Mayors of Rome]]', 128 => '[[Category:Members of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)]]', 129 => '[[Category:People of Sicilian descent]]', 130 => '[[Category:Physicians from Genoa]]' ]
السطور المزالة في التعديل (removed_lines)
[ 0 => '{{يتيمة|تاريخ=مارس 2019}}', 1 => '{{صندوق معلومات شخص}}', 2 => ''''إغنازيو مارينو''' {{لغة-إيطالية|Ignazio Marino}} هو [[جراح]] و[[سياسي]] [[إيطاليا|إيطالي]]، ولد في [[10 مارس]] [[1955]] في [[جنوة]] في [[إيطاليا]].<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=When Does Life Begin? Cardinal Martini Replies|مسار=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/51790bdc4.html?eng=y|ناشر=L'Espresso|تاريخ الوصول=13 October 2013| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085557/http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/51790?eng=y | تاريخ أرشيف = 04 مارس 2016 }}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/rome-mayor-resigns-amid-expenses-scandal-ignazio-marino Rome mayor resigns amid expenses scandal | World news | The Guardian<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416175352/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/08/rome-mayor-resigns-amid-expenses-scandal-ignazio-marino |date=16 أبريل 2019}}</ref><ref name=Senato2013>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)|مسار=http://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/file/repository/composizione/elezioni2013/Eletti_Alfabetico_completo.pdf|عمل=Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura|ناشر=[[مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي]]|تاريخ الوصول=13 June 2013|تنسيق=[[نسق المستندات المنقولة]]|سنة=2013| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20180521072418/https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/file/repository/composizione/elezioni2013/Eletti_Alfabetico_completo.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 21 مايو 2018 }}</ref> [[حزب سياسي|حزبياً]]، نشط في [[الحزب الديمقراطي (إيطاليا)|الحزب الديمقراطي]].', 3 => '== مناصب ==', 4 => 'كجراح، تدرب مع توماس ستارزل، الذي كان رائدًا في زراعة الكبد عند البشر. في 1992-1993، كعضو في فريق توماس ستارزل في جامعة بيتسبرغ في الولايات المتحدة، أجرى عمليتي زرع كبد من حيوان الرباح (البابون) إلى إنسان. أسس مركز ISMETT لزراعة الأعضاء في باليرمو، صقلية. حيث كان مارينو الرئيس التنفيذي ومدير ISMETT من سنة 1997 حتى 2002. في عام 2001 أجرى أول عملية زرع أعضاء في إيطاليا لشخص مصاب بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية. في الولايات المتحدة، شغل منصب أستاذ الجراحة في جامعة بيتسبرغ وجامعة توماس جيفرسون في فيلادلفيا.', 5 => 'من عام 2009 إلى عام 2015 كان عضوًا في الحزب الديمقراطي اليساري الوسطي وشغل مقعدًا في مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي من عام 2006 حتى انتخابه رئيسًا لبلدية روما. انتخب عمدة روما في يونيو 2013. بعد فترة وجيزة من فوزه في الانتخابات، اقتربت منه شبكة الجريمة المنظمة التي زورت العقود العامة واختلست الأموال. رفع مارينو القضية إلى النيابة، وبدأ فضيحة الفساد في روما عام 2014. في 12 أكتوبر 2015، استقال مارينو من مكتب العمدة وسط فضيحة مصاريف كان قد ارتكبها أحزاب المعارضة من حزبي حركة النجوم الخمسة و إخوة إيطاليا، ولكن في 29 أكتوبر تراجع عن الاستقالة.ومع ذلك، في 30 أكتوبر تم عزله من منصبه بعد استقالة 26 من أعضاء مجلس المدينة البالغ عددهم 48. في 7 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 2016، برأت محكمة روما مارينو من مزاعم الاختلاس والاحتيال والتزوير التي استقال لإثبات براءته منها، وحكمت المحكمة بالبراءة الكاملة وحكمت بأن أفعال مارينو "لا تشكل جريمة" وأن الوقائع المزعومة "لم تحدث"، وفقًا للمادة 530 من قانون الإجراءات الجنائية الإيطالي', 6 => 'حاليًا، إجنازيو مارينو هو أستاذ الجراحة ونائب الرئيس التنفيذي في كلية الطب بجامعة توماس جيفرسون وجيفرسون هيلث في فيلادلفيا. ', 7 => '*[[انتخابات|انتخب]] عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (2 مارس 2013 – 22 مايو 2013).', 8 => '* انتخب عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (21 أبريل 2008 – 14 مارس 2013).', 9 => '* انتخب عضو مجلس الشيوخ الإيطالي (19 أبريل 2006 – 28 أبريل 2008).', 10 => '* انتخب {{Ill-WD2|id=Q23936560|target=en}} (12 يونيو 2013 – 31 أكتوبر 2015).', 11 => '== مراجع ==', 12 => '{{مراجع}}', 13 => '== وصلات خارجية ==', 14 => '* {{روابط فنية}}', 15 => '* {{موقع رسمي}}', 16 => '{{تصنيف كومنز|Ignazio Marino}}', 17 => '{{ضبط استنادي}}', 18 => '{{شريط بوابات|إيطاليا|السياسة|أعلام|روما}}', 19 => '{{بذرة سياسي إيطالي}}', 20 => '[[تصنيف:أشخاص من أصول صقلية]]', 21 => '[[تصنيف:أشخاص من جنوة]]', 22 => '[[تصنيف:أعضاء مجلس شيوخ الجمهورية الإيطالية]]', 23 => '[[تصنيف:خريجو جامعة القلب المقدس الكاثوليكية]]', 24 => '[[تصنيف:رومان كاثوليك إيطاليون]]', 25 => '[[تصنيف:سياسيو الحزب الديمقراطي الإيطالي]]', 26 => '[[تصنيف:سياسيون إيطاليون في القرن 21]]', 27 => '[[تصنيف:سياسيون من جنوة]]', 28 => '[[تصنيف:عمدات في روما]]', 29 => '[[تصنيف:كلية جامعة بيتسبرغ]]', 30 => '[[تصنيف:مواليد 1955]]', 31 => '[[تصنيف:أطباء من جنوة]]' ]
نص الصفحة الجديد، مجردا من أية تهيئة (new_text)
' Ignazio Marino Marino in 2012 &#32;33rd Mayor of Rome في المنصب12 June 2013 – 31 October 2015 Gianni Alemanno Virginia Raggi &#32;Member of the Italian Senate في المنصب28 April 2006 – 22 May 2013 معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino الميلاد 10 مارس 1955 (العمر 66 سنة)Genoa, Italy الجنسية Italian الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore المهنة Surgeon الحزب Democratic Party اللغات الإيطالية&#160; موظف في جامعة توماس جيفرسون&#160;&#160;[لغات أخرى]، &#160;وجامعة بيتسبرغ&#160; المواقع الموقع الموقع الرسمي&#160; IMDB صفحته على IMDB&#160; تعديل مصدري - تعديل &#160; Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino&#91;1&#93; (pronounced&#160;&#8206;[iɲˈɲattsjo maˈriːno]&#8207;; born 10 March 1955) is an Italian transplant surgeon who was Mayor of Rome from 2013 to 2015. As a surgeon, he trained with Thomas Starzl, who had pioneered liver transplantion in humans. In 1992&#8211;1993, as a member of Thomas Starzl's team at the University of Pittsburgh in the United States, he conducted two baboon-to-human liver transplants. He founded the ISMETT organ transplant center in Palermo, Sicily; Marino was the CEO and the Director of ISMETT from 1997 until 2002. In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy for a person with HIV. In the United States he has held chairs as Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh and at the Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. From 2009 to 2015 he was a member of the center-left Democratic Party and held a seat in the Italian Senate from 2006 until his election as mayor of Rome. He was elected Mayor of Rome in June 2013. Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the 2014 Rome corruption scandal. On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned from the Office of Mayor amidst an expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S and Fratelli d'Italia, but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery which he had stepped down to prove his innocence, the court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P. Currently, Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia. محتويات 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Medical career 1.3 Political career 1.3.1 Entry into politics 1.3.2 Mayor of Rome 1.3.3 Return to Medicine and Surgery 2 Notes and references Biography[عدل المصدر] Early life and education[عدل المصدر] Marino was born in Genoa to a Sicilian father and a Swiss mother and is the oldest of three children (he has two sisters). He graduated in Medicine and Surgery from the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Rome. Medical career[عدل المصدر] Board-certified in General and Vascular Surgery, he spent 4 years training in the 2 most prestigious transplant centers in the world: the Transplantation Institute of the University of Cambridge, England (then the only liver transplantion division in Europe), directed by Prof. Sir Roy Y. Calne. During his time in Cambridge, Dr. Marino published a paper on the reperfusion syndrome occurring during liver transplantion (Transplantation, 1985). The paper is still quoted today as a thorough study of this complex clinical syndrome; and the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute at the University of Pittsburgh, directed by Dr. Thomas E. Starzl, the pioneer who in 1963 performed the first liver transplantion on a human being. In Pittsburgh, Dr. Marino completed an American Society of Transplant Surgeons approved multi-organ transplant fellowship under the direct leadership of Dr. Starzl and was hired by him as an attending physician and a Faculty member in 1991. Pittsburgh was then by far the most active Liver transplantation center in the world: for example, in 1990-1991 alone, more than 1,000 liver transplantion were performed at the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute. In 1988, Marino published on Cancer the first paper ever showing that the Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma could be successfully treated with liver transplantion. In 1992 Ignazio Marino was appointed Associate Director of the National Liver Transplant Center of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs of Pittsburgh, then the only Liver transplantation department of the Government of the United States. Marino was a member of the surgical team which in June 1992 and January 1993 performed two baboon-to-human liver xenotransplants in a clinical trial coordinated by Starzl.&#91;2&#93;&#91;n 1&#93;. In 1995, Marino published a paper showing, for the first time, that the age and sex of the donor are linked to different patient survival after liver transplantation. In 1997 Marino founded the ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies) organ transplant center in Palermo, Sicily. Marino was the CEO and the Director of ISMETT from 1997 until 2002, the first liver transplantion center in Sicily, founded through a partnership between the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Italy Ministry of Health (Italy)of the Category:Government of Italy. In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy on a person with HIV undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy—a kidney transplant made in response to a personal request from the patient himself (along with the donor, his father), who had been turned down by other Italian transplant centres. A clinical success, the operation sparked an institutional dispute in Italy at the time.&#91;n 2&#93; In 2002 Marino moved to Philadelphia at the Thomas Jefferson University. At the Thomas Jefferson University the liver transplantion Program was in need of general reorganization. Under Dr. Marino’s lead, clinical outcomes started to improve dramatically. Thomas Jefferson University’s 1-year liver transplantion patient survival rate went from 78% to 100% and Thomas Jefferson University’s 30-months liver transplantion patient survival rate went from 56% to 92% according to a Kaplan–Meier estimator actuarial curve. Ignazio Marino is the recipients of several international medical awards, including but not limited to the 2010 Award for contributions to the fight against AIDS; Honorary Doctor of Science degree (2015) at the Thomas Jefferson University; the Longmire Professorship of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the Longmire Surgical Society. Marino has personally performed over 650 transplants. Marino delivered more than 700 international scientific lectures and is the author of over 500 peer-review articles and has authored several scientific books. In 2005 he published a book with Einaudi ("Le Vele" series) entitled Credere e curare ("Treating and Believing"); the book deals with the medical profession and the influence that faith, seen as a religious creed but also as compassion, solidarity, and empathy towards all human beings, has upon it. In 2005 he founded Imagine ONLUS, an international non-profit organization engaged in international solidarity activities with special regard to health issues. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of Transplantation, Liver Transplantation, Clinical Transplantation, and 9 other international scientific journals. Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and, from 2020, Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.&#91;7&#93; In 2020, Marino was appointed Member of the Board of Directors of the Philadelphia International Medicine. Political career[عدل المصدر] Entry into politics[عدل المصدر] A good friend of Massimo D'Alema, Marino was persuaded by him to enter into politics as an independent candidate with the Democrats of the Left in the 2006 general elections, and was elected as a Senator. On June 6, 2006, Marino was elected Chair of the Health Committee of the Senate of the Republic (Italy). Among the main achievements of Senator Marino as Chair of the Health Committee: - a national law was proposed and approved to manage and reduce patients' waiting list time and to establish new rules for public/private physicians' practice in Italian National Health Care System hospitals; - a law proposal on living will that started a national debate; - an international meeting on living will from the clinical, bioethical and religious perspectives, attended by the President of Italy; - a national law was proposed and approved that allocates 180 million euro per year for a total of 10 years to patients who have been infected (hepatitis, HIV) during hospital care; - a national law was proposed and approved to allocate dedicated funds in the national budget law for researchers under 40 in the biomedical field according to peer review criteria by an international committee - a dramatic innovation in the Italian research funds allocation system. Given his professional background, in his new capacity, he promoted several legislative activities mainly dealing with healthcare, education, scientific research, and bioethics. Following the fall of Romano Prodi's government and an early election held in 2008, he was confirmed in the Senate, where he was appointed whip of the Democratic Party in the Standing Committee on Health and Chair of the Investigative Committee on National Health System. In his second tenure as a Senator, Marino gained public exposure due to his strong support for the right to die and a clear advance health care directive law during the dramatic final days of Eluana Englaro, which caused widespread debate and a constitutional crisis within Italy. Following such events, Marino has become recognizable in Italian politics as a strong advocate of a lay country, gaining vocal support from left-wing parties and the Italian Radicals, but also being criticized by socially conservative politicians also within the Democratic Party, such as Paola Binetti. During his mandate, he has promoted: - a national study on quality assurance and outcomes of all major healthcare districts in Italy; - an investigation on the much-debated and controversial death of an inmate; - a national investigation on mental illnesses and psychiatric care; - a national investigation on severe disabilities and their treatments; - a national investigation on corruption in the National Health Care System; - a national investigation on hospitals built-in or near earthquake areas. In June 2009 he publicly announced his intention to run as a candidate for the Democratic Party leadership election in October. His leadership election platform was mostly focused on social rights, public health and environmentalism. He came third in the election, winning 12.5% of the votes. Mayor of Rome[عدل المصدر] Marino ran the 2013 election for Mayor of Rome with the support of a centre-left alliance. After leading in the first round he was elected (on 10 June) Mayor of Rome at the second ballot, winning 63.9% of the votes in a run-off against the centre-right candidate, the incumbent mayor Gianni Alemanno.&#91;8&#93; Among Marino's projects has been the visionary but controversial closing of the Via dei Fori Imperiali and Piazza di Spagna to cars and opening to pedestrian and bicycle traffic only. Mayor Marino cited his experiences as a cyclist in Philadelphia as the foundation for his having learned to live without a car. Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the 2014 Rome corruption scandal. Ignazio Marino is the only Mayor of Rome ever invited to the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting (Davos, January 22–25, 2014) At Davos Marino networked with the Coca Cola CEO, Muhtar Kent, and the McKinsey CEO, Dominic Barton, to discuss philanthropic fundraising for the archeology in Rome On October 18, 2014, Marino registered the marriages of 16 same-sex couples who requested it to the Municipality, which followed similar acts by other Italian mayors. Same-sex marriages and civil unions were illegal in Italy at the time, and by registering the marriages, Mayor Marino hoped to force the hand of national legislators to clarify a deepening legal muddle around same-sex unions, particularly for Italians married abroad. Same-sex civil unions were eventually legalized in Italy in 2016. On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned amidst an accusation of expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S Five Star Movement and Fratelli d'Italia Fratelli d'Italia (political party), but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. He was replaced by a government-appointed commissioner. On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S Five Star Movement and Fratelli d'Italia Fratelli d'Italia (political party) and after which he had stepped down to prove his innocence. The court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P. In summary, upon his election, he found Rome on the verge of bankruptcy. In 2013, Rome was in the red with a loss of $888 million. Furthermore, its public transport system had a loss of $951 million. In 28 months Ignazio Marino balanced both budgets. He also conducted intense fundraising activity, attracting national and international resources, involving philanthropists who were interested in supporting Rome’s activity to preserve its archeological heritage. On the whole, in 28 months he raised over $14 million (€13.167.313). Among his decisions as Mayor: • the promotion of a new development plan that brought to the requalification of abandoned urban areas and to a total of private investments close to $2 billion; • the closing of Rome’s landfill, the largest in the world, and the promotion of efficient policies of the differentiated waste collection; • the opening of a new subway line with 21 new stations covering a total of 18&#160;km railways; • the cutting of internal excessive spendings and the creation of a single purchasing center; • involving tax police officers to check the city books left by previous administrations; • the close collaboration with prosecutors investigating on mafia affiliations; • the pedestrianization of large portions of the city center; • the registration of same-sex unions, still unregulated under the Italian law; • the protection of large green areas from real estate speculation. Return to Medicine and Surgery[عدل المصدر] In 2016, Ignazio Marino returned to the USA where he is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.&#91;7&#93; At Jefferson he started a new curriculum for medical students: a selected group of students will attend the School of Medicine for 3 years in Europe and 3 years in the US and, eventually, they will be able to practice medicine in both continents. Dr. Marino is working with the Noble Laureate Alvin Roth to implement a new method aimed at increasing kidney transplantation.&#91;9&#93;&#91;10&#93; Notes and references[عدل المصدر] Notes ^ Although partially successful on purely technical grounds, this novel approach to the treatment of terminal cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis B infection turned out to be a clinical dead end. These were the first xenotransplants (i.e. animal-to-human organ transplants) to be performed since the case of Baby Fae (a 2.2&#160; kg newborn infant who had survived just 21 days after receiving a baboon heart in 1984). Despite their different size, baboons share many of the physiological and genetic characteristics of human beings but are resistant to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Both transplanted patients had terminal liver failure due to hepatitis B. One, an HIV-positive 35-year-old man, lived 70 days after the transplant and maintained nearly normal liver function, the other, a 62-year-old man, survived 26 days without regaining consciousness.&#91;2&#93; This clinical strategy was not pursued. In addition to clinical problems, such as organ rejection, there exists a threat of possible cross-species transmission of disease, as well as other bioethical/animalist concerns. At the time, these two xenotransplants provoked heated controversy in this regard. ^ The Minister of Health, Girolamo Sirchia, publicly criticized Marino for undertaking the operation,&#91;3&#93; and the National Transplant Centre (CNT) advised him not to perform any further transplants on people with HIV.&#91;4&#93; This stance conflicted with the opinion of the president of the bioethics panel of the National Research Council who openly supported Marino's decision, as well as with views expressed by (among others) the president of the National Bioethics Committee, Giovanni Berlinguer, who argued that people with HIV should not be excluded a priori from the benefits of transplantation.&#91;4&#93; Nowadays, similar transplants are routinely conducted both in Italy and elsewhere.&#91;5&#93;&#91;6&#93; References ^ "Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)". Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura. Senato della Repubblica. 2013. الوسيط &#124;CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة); مفقود أو فارغ &#124;url= (مساعدة); &#124;access-date= بحاجة لـ &#124;url= (مساعدة).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit} ↑ أ ب Starzl, TE; Murase, N; Tzakis, A; Fung, JJ; Todo, S; Demetris, AJ; Manez, R; Marino, IR; Valdivia, L (August 1994). "Clinical xenotransplantation". Xenotransplantation. 1 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3089.1994.tb00044.x. PMC&#160;3000172. PMID&#160;21151801. الوسيط &#124;CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) ^ اكتب عنوان المرجع بين علامتي الفتح &lt;ref&gt; والإغلاق &lt;/ref&gt; للمرجع Primo2001 ↑ أ ب Criscenti, Gianfranco (6 October 2001). "L'Hiv esclude il trapianto?". Galileo - giornale di scienza (باللغة الإيطالية). الوسيط &#124;CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة); &#124;access-date= بحاجة لـ &#124;url= (مساعدة) ^ Bossini, N; Sandrini, S; Valerio, F (July–August 2012). "[Kidney transplant in patients with HIV infection]". Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia (باللغة الإيطالية و الإنجليزية). 29 (4): 404–17. PMID&#160;22843153. الوسيط &#124;CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) ^ Norman, SP; Kommareddi, M; Kaul, DR (July–September 2012). "Update on kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients". AIDS Reviews. 14 (3): 195–207. PMID&#160;22833063. الوسيط &#124;CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) ↑ أ ب اكتب عنوان المرجع بين علامتي الفتح &lt;ref&gt; والإغلاق &lt;/ref&gt; للمرجع jefferson.edu ^ "Elezioni Comunali 2013, Liste e risultati: Roma". La Repubblica. 10 June 2013. الوسيط &#124;CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) ^ Roth, Alvin E.; Marino, Ignazio R.; Ekwenna, Obi; Dunn, Ty B.; Paloyo, Siegfredo R.; Tan, Miguel; Correa‐Rotter, Ricardo; Kuhr, Christian S.; Marsh, Christopher L.; Ortiz, Jorge; Testa, Giuliano; Sindhwani, Puneet; Segev, Dorry L.; Rogers, Jeffrey; Punch, Jeffrey D.; Forbes, Rachel C.; Zimmerman, Michael A.; Ellis, Matthew J.; Rege, Aparna; Basagoitia, Laura; Krawiec, Kimberly D.; Rees, Michael A. (2020). "Global kidney exchange should expand wisely". Transplant International. 33 (9): 985–988. PMID&#160;32430941. S2CID&#160;218760100. الوسيط &#124;CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) ^ Roth, Alvin E.; Marino, Ignazio R.; Ekwenna, Obi; Dunn, Ty B.; Paloyo, Siegfredo R.; Tan, Miguel; Correa‐Rotter, Ricardo; Kuhr, Christian S.; Marsh, Christopher L.; Ortiz, Jorge; Testa, Giuliano; Sindhwani, Puneet; Segev, Dorry L.; Rogers, Jeffrey; Punch, Jeffrey D.; Forbes, Rachel C.; Zimmerman, Michael A.; Ellis, Matthew J.; Rege, Aparna; Basagoitia, Laura; Krawiec, Kimberly D.; Rees, Michael A. (2020). "Global kidney exchange should expand wisely". Transplant International. 33 (9): 985–988. PMID&#160;32430941. S2CID&#160;218760100. الوسيط &#124;CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) في كومنز صور وملفات عن: إغنازيو مارينو قالب:Mayors of Rome ضبط استنادي WorldCat GND: 1082376477 ISNI: 0000 0000 5416 0887 LCCN: no2006115619 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CAGV\318241 VIAF: 7154700'
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellspacing="3px"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" class="entete personne" style="line-height:1.5em; background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000">Ignazio Marino </th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><div><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Ignazio_Marino_-_Festivaletteratura_2012_01.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Ignazio Marino - Festivaletteratura 2012 01.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ignazio_Marino_-_Festivaletteratura_2012_01.JPG/236px-Ignazio_Marino_-_Festivaletteratura_2012_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="236" height="330" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ignazio_Marino_-_Festivaletteratura_2012_01.JPG/354px-Ignazio_Marino_-_Festivaletteratura_2012_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ignazio_Marino_-_Festivaletteratura_2012_01.JPG/472px-Ignazio_Marino_-_Festivaletteratura_2012_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="3305" /></a></div></div></div><div><small>Marino in 2012</small></div> </td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2"><hr style="height:2px;background-color: #E1E1E1;color:#E1E1E1;" /></td> </tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">&#32;33rd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Rome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayor of Rome (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Mayor of Rome</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"><span class="nowrap"><b>في المنصب</b></span><br />12 June 2013 – 31 October 2015 </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" align="center"> <div style="float:right;"> <span style="text-align:right; width:5%;margin-left:3px;"><img alt="Fleche-defaut-droite-gris-32.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fleche-defaut-droite-gris-32.png/8px-Fleche-defaut-droite-gris-32.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fleche-defaut-droite-gris-32.png/12px-Fleche-defaut-droite-gris-32.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Fleche-defaut-droite-gris-32.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="27" /></span><span style="font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianni_Alemanno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianni Alemanno (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Gianni Alemanno</a></span> </div> <div style="float:left;"><span style="font-size:90%; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Raggi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Raggi (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Virginia Raggi</a></span><span style="text-align:left;width:5%;margin-right:3px;"><img alt="Fleche-defaut-gauche-gris-32.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fleche-defaut-gauche-gris-32.png/8px-Fleche-defaut-gauche-gris-32.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fleche-defaut-gauche-gris-32.png/12px-Fleche-defaut-gauche-gris-32.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Fleche-defaut-gauche-gris-32.png 2x" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="27" /></span> </div> </td> </tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center">&#32;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Senate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian Senate (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Member of the Italian Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center"><span class="nowrap"><b>في المنصب</b></span><br />28 April 2006 – 22 May 2013 </td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> معلومات شخصية </th> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><span class="nowrap"> اسم الولادة</span></th> <td style="">Ignazio Roberto Maria Marino</td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">الميلاد</th> <td style=""><a href="/wiki/10_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="10 مارس">10 مارس</a> <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a><span class="noprint"> (العمر 66 سنة)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Genoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جنسية">الجنسية</a></th> <td style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Italians (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Italian</a></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#E1E1E1;color:#000000"> الحياة العملية </th> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85" title="مدرسة أم">المدرسة الأم</a></th> <td style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universit%C3%A0_Cattolica_del_Sacro_Cuore&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore</a></td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مهنة">المهنة</a></th> <td style="">Surgeon</td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="حزب سياسي">الحزب</a></th> <td style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_(Italy)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Party (Italy) (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Democratic Party</a></td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; background-color:#F3F3F3;" scope="row">اللغات</th> <td style=""><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الإيطالية">الإيطالية</a>&#160;<span class="noprint"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405098#P1412" title="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1412) في ويكي بيانات"><img alt="تعديل قيمة خاصية (P1412) في ويكي بيانات" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/13px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" style="vertical-align: baseline" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/20px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Twemoji_270f.svg/26px-Twemoji_270f.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <th style="text-align: right; 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born 10 March 1955) is an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_people&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian people (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplantation">transplant surgeon</a> who was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Rome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayor of Rome (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Mayor of Rome</a> from 2013 to 2015. </p><p>As a surgeon, he trained with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas Starzl</a>, who had pioneered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a> in humans. In 1992&#8211;1993, as a member of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas Starzl</a>'s team at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Medicine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (الصفحة غير موجودة)">University of Pittsburgh</a> in the United States, he conducted two <a href="/wiki/Baboon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baboon">baboon</a>-to-human <a href="/wiki/Liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver">liver</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenotransplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenotransplantation">transplants</a>. He founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISMETT&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISMETT (الصفحة غير موجودة)">ISMETT</a> organ transplant center in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>; Marino was the CEO and the Director of <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISMETT&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISMETT (الصفحة غير موجودة)">ISMETT</a> from 1997 until 2002. In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy for a person with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV</a>. In the United States he has held chairs as Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh and at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Jefferson University (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Thomas Jefferson University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. </p><p>From 2009 to 2015 he was a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Center-left&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Center-left (الصفحة غير موجودة)">center-left</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_(Italy)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Party (Italy) (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Democratic Party</a> and held a seat in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Senate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian Senate (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Italian Senate</a> from 2006 until his election as mayor of Rome. He was elected Mayor of Rome in June 2013. Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_Rome_corruption_scandal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 Rome corruption scandal (الصفحة غير موجودة)">2014 Rome corruption scandal</a>. On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned from the Office of Mayor amidst an expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_Star_Movement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Star Movement (الصفحة غير موجودة)">M5S</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fratelli_d%27Italia_(political_party)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fratelli d&#39;Italia (political party) (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Fratelli d'Italia</a>, but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery which he had stepped down to prove his innocence, the court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P. </p><p>Currently, Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="ar" dir="rtl"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">محتويات</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Medical_career"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Medical career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Political_career"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Political career</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Entry_into_politics"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Entry into politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Mayor_of_Rome"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mayor of Rome</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Return_to_Medicine_and_Surgery"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Return to Medicine and Surgery</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="عدل القسم: Biography">عدل المصدر</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="عدل القسم: Early life and education">عدل المصدر</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Marino was born in Genoa to a Sicilian father and a Swiss mother and is the oldest of three children (he has two sisters). He graduated in Medicine and Surgery from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universit%C3%A0_Cattolica_del_Sacro_Cuore&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Medical_career">Medical career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="عدل القسم: Medical career">عدل المصدر</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Board-certified in General and Vascular Surgery, he spent 4 years training in the 2 most prestigious transplant centers in the world: the Transplantation Institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, England (then the only <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a> division in Europe), directed by Prof. Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Y._Calne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Y. Calne (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Roy Y. Calne</a>. During his time in Cambridge, Dr. Marino published a paper on the reperfusion syndrome occurring during <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a> (Transplantation, 1985). The paper is still quoted today as a thorough study of this complex clinical syndrome; and the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, directed by Dr. Thomas E. Starzl, the pioneer who in 1963 performed the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a> on a human being. In Pittsburgh, Dr. Marino completed an American Society of Transplant Surgeons approved multi-organ transplant fellowship under the direct leadership of Dr. Starzl and was hired by him as an attending physician and a Faculty member in 1991. Pittsburgh was then by far the most active <a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a> center in the world: for example, in 1990-1991 alone, more than 1,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a> were performed at the Pittsburgh Transplantation Institute. </p><p>In 1988, Marino published on Cancer the first paper ever showing that the Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma could be successfully treated with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a>. </p><p>In 1992 Ignazio Marino was appointed Associate Director of the National Liver Transplant Center of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">United States Department of Veterans Affairs</a> of Pittsburgh, then the only <a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a> department of the Government of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States">United States</a>. Marino was a member of the surgical team which in June 1992 and January 1993 performed two <a href="/wiki/Baboon" class="mw-redirect" title="Baboon">baboon</a>-to-human liver <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenotransplants&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenotransplants (الصفحة غير موجودة)">xenotransplants</a> in a clinical trial coordinated by Starzl.<sup id="cite_ref-Starzl1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starzl1994-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;n 1&#93;</a></sup>. </p><p>In 1995, Marino published a paper showing, for the first time, that the age and sex of the donor are linked to different patient survival after liver transplantation. </p><p>In 1997 Marino founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISMETT&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISMETT (الصفحة غير موجودة)">ISMETT</a> (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies) organ transplant center in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Marino was the CEO and the Director of <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISMETT&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISMETT (الصفحة غير موجودة)">ISMETT</a> from 1997 until 2002, the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a> center in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, founded through a partnership between the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pittsburgh_Medical_Center&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (الصفحة غير موجودة)">University of Pittsburgh Medical Center</a> and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Italy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Health_(Italy)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Health (Italy) (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Ministry of Health (Italy)of</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:Government_of_Italy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="تصنيف:Government of Italy (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Category:Government of Italy</a>. </p><p>In 2001 he performed the first organ transplant in Italy on a person with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV</a> undergoing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Highly_active_antiretroviral_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Highly active antiretroviral therapy (الصفحة غير موجودة)">highly active antiretroviral therapy</a>—a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidney_transplant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kidney transplant (الصفحة غير موجودة)">kidney transplant</a> made in response to a personal request from the patient himself (along with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_donor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organ donor (الصفحة غير موجودة)">donor</a>, his father), who had been turned down by other Italian transplant centres. A clinical success, the operation sparked an institutional dispute in Italy at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;n 2&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In 2002 Marino moved to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Jefferson University (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Thomas Jefferson University</a>. At the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Jefferson University (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Thomas Jefferson University</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a> Program was in need of general reorganization. Under Dr. Marino’s lead, clinical outcomes started to improve dramatically. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Jefferson University (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Thomas Jefferson University</a>’s 1-year <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a> patient survival rate went from 78% to 100% and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Jefferson University (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Thomas Jefferson University</a>’s 30-months <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_transplantion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver transplantion (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver transplantion</a> patient survival rate went from 56% to 92% according to a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaplan%E2%80%93Meier_estimator&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaplan–Meier estimator (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Kaplan–Meier estimator</a> actuarial curve. </p><p>Ignazio Marino is the recipients of several international medical awards, including but not limited to the 2010 Award for contributions to the fight against AIDS; Honorary Doctor of Science degree (2015) at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Jefferson University (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Thomas Jefferson University</a>; the Longmire Professorship of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Geffen_School_of_Medicine_at_UCLA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (الصفحة غير موجودة)">David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA</a> and the Longmire Surgical Society. </p><p>Marino has personally performed over 650 transplants. Marino delivered more than 700 international scientific lectures and is the author of over 500 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-review&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peer-review (الصفحة غير موجودة)">peer-review</a> articles and has authored several scientific books. In 2005 he published a book with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Einaudi_Editore&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio Einaudi Editore (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Einaudi</a> ("Le Vele" series) entitled <i>Credere e curare</i> ("Treating and Believing"); the book deals with the medical profession and the influence that faith, seen as a religious creed but also as compassion, solidarity, and empathy towards all human beings, has upon it. In 2005 he founded Imagine ONLUS, an international non-profit organization engaged in international solidarity activities with special regard to health issues. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_transplant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organ transplant (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Transplantation</a>,</i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_Transplantation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver Transplantation (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Liver Transplantation</a>,</i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_Transplantation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical Transplantation (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Clinical Transplantation</a>,</i> and 9 other international scientific journals. </p><p>Ignazio Marino is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and, from 2020, Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-jefferson.edu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jefferson.edu-9">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Marino was appointed Member of the Board of Directors of the Philadelphia International Medicine. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_career">Political career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="عدل القسم: Political career">عدل المصدر</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Entry_into_politics">Entry into politics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="عدل القسم: Entry into politics">عدل المصدر</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>A good friend of <a href="/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema" class="mw-redirect" title="Massimo D&#39;Alema">Massimo D'Alema</a>, Marino was persuaded by him to enter into politics as an independent candidate with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democrats_of_the_Left&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Democrats of the Left (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Democrats of the Left</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_Italian_general_election&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 Italian general election (الصفحة غير موجودة)">2006 general elections</a>, and was elected as a Senator. On June 6, 2006, Marino was elected Chair of the Health Committee of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy) (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Senate of the Republic (Italy)</a>. Among the main achievements of Senator Marino as Chair of the Health Committee: - a national law was proposed and approved to manage and reduce patients' waiting list time and to establish new rules for public/private physicians' practice in Italian National Health Care System hospitals; - a law proposal on living will that started a national debate; - an international meeting on living will from the clinical, bioethical and religious perspectives, attended by the President of Italy; - a national law was proposed and approved that allocates 180 million euro per year for a total of 10 years to patients who have been infected (hepatitis, HIV) during hospital care; - a national law was proposed and approved to allocate dedicated funds in the national budget law for researchers under 40 in the biomedical field according to peer review criteria by an international committee - a dramatic innovation in the Italian research funds allocation system. Given his professional background, in his new capacity, he promoted several legislative activities mainly dealing with healthcare, education, scientific research, and bioethics. </p><p>Following the fall of <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>'s government and an <a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_Italian_general_election&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 Italian general election (الصفحة غير موجودة)">early election held in 2008</a>, he was confirmed in the Senate, where he was appointed whip of the Democratic Party in the Standing Committee on Health and Chair of the Investigative Committee on National Health System. In his second tenure as a Senator, Marino gained public exposure due to his strong support for the right to die and a clear <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance_health_care_directive&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Advance health care directive (الصفحة غير موجودة)">advance health care directive</a> law during the dramatic final days of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eluana_Englaro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eluana Englaro (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Eluana Englaro</a>, which caused widespread debate and a constitutional crisis within Italy. Following such events, Marino has become recognizable in Italian politics as a strong advocate of a lay country, gaining vocal support from left-wing parties and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Radicals&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian Radicals (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Italian Radicals</a>, but also being criticized by socially conservative politicians also within the Democratic Party, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paola_Binetti&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paola Binetti (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Paola Binetti</a>. During his mandate, he has promoted: - a national study on quality assurance and outcomes of all major healthcare districts in Italy; - an investigation on the much-debated and controversial death of an inmate; - a national investigation on mental illnesses and psychiatric care; - a national investigation on severe disabilities and their treatments; - a national investigation on corruption in the National Health Care System; - a national investigation on hospitals built-in or near earthquake areas. </p><p>In June 2009 he publicly announced his intention to run as a candidate for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Democratic_Party_(Italy)_leadership_election&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Democratic Party (Italy) leadership election (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Democratic Party leadership election</a> in October. His leadership election platform was mostly focused on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic, social and cultural rights (الصفحة غير موجودة)">social rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Public health">public health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>. He came third in the election, winning 12.5% of the votes. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mayor_of_Rome">Mayor of Rome</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="عدل القسم: Mayor of Rome">عدل المصدر</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Marino ran the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_Rome_municipal_election&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 Rome municipal election (الصفحة غير موجودة)">2013 election</a> for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayor_of_Rome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayor of Rome (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Mayor of Rome</a> with the support of a <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> alliance. After leading in the first round he was elected (on 10 June) Mayor of Rome at the second ballot, winning 63.9% of the votes in a run-off against the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre-right&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre-right (الصفحة غير موجودة)">centre-right</a> candidate, the incumbent mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianni_Alemanno&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianni Alemanno (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Gianni Alemanno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elezioni2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elezioni2013-10">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Among Marino's projects has been the visionary but controversial closing of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Via dei Fori Imperiali</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piazza_di_Spagna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piazza di Spagna (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Piazza di Spagna</a> to cars and opening to pedestrian and bicycle traffic only. Mayor Marino cited his experiences as a cyclist in Philadelphia as the foundation for his having learned to live without a car. </p><p>Shortly after his victory in the elections, he was approached by an organized crime network that rigged public contracts and embezzled funds. Marino took the case to prosecutors, starting the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_Rome_corruption_scandal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 Rome corruption scandal (الصفحة غير موجودة)">2014 Rome corruption scandal</a>. </p><p>Ignazio Marino is the only Mayor of Rome ever invited to the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> Annual Meeting (Davos, January 22–25, 2014) At Davos Marino networked with the Coca Cola CEO, Muhtar Kent, and the McKinsey CEO, Dominic Barton, to discuss philanthropic fundraising for the archeology in Rome </p><p>On October 18, 2014, Marino registered the marriages of 16 same-sex couples who requested it to the Municipality, which followed similar acts by other Italian mayors. Same-sex marriages and civil unions were illegal in Italy at the time, and by registering the marriages, Mayor Marino hoped to force the hand of national legislators to clarify a deepening legal muddle around same-sex unions, particularly for Italians married abroad. Same-sex civil unions were eventually <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Italy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy (الصفحة غير موجودة)">legalized in Italy</a> in 2016. </p><p>On 12 October 2015, Marino resigned amidst an accusation of expense scandal that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S <a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_Star_Movement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Star Movement (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Five Star Movement</a> and Fratelli d'Italia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fratelli_d%27Italia_(political_party)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fratelli d&#39;Italia (political party) (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Fratelli d'Italia (political party)</a>, but on 29 October he retired the resignation. Nevertheless, on 30 October he was ousted from his position after 26 of the 48 members of the City Council resigned. He was replaced by a government-appointed commissioner. </p><p>On 7 October 2016, Rome court acquitted Marino over the allegations of embezzlement, fraud, and forgery that had been made by the opposition parties of M5S <a href="/w/index.php?title=Five_Star_Movement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Five Star Movement (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Five Star Movement</a> and Fratelli d'Italia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fratelli_d%27Italia_(political_party)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fratelli d&#39;Italia (political party) (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Fratelli d'Italia (political party)</a> and after which he had stepped down to prove his innocence. The court decided for a full acquittal and ruled that Marino's actions "did not constitute a crime" and that the alleged facts "did not take place," according to article 530 of the Italian C.P.P. In summary, upon his election, he found <a href="/wiki/Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome">Rome</a> on the verge of bankruptcy. In 2013, Rome was in the red with a loss of $888 million. Furthermore, its public transport system had a loss of $951 million. In 28 months Ignazio Marino balanced both budgets. He also conducted intense fundraising activity, attracting national and international resources, involving philanthropists who were interested in supporting Rome’s activity to preserve its archeological heritage. On the whole, in 28 months he raised over $14 million (€13.167.313). Among his decisions as Mayor: • the promotion of a new development plan that brought to the requalification of abandoned urban areas and to a total of private investments close to $2 billion; • the closing of Rome’s landfill, the largest in the world, and the promotion of efficient policies of the differentiated waste collection; • the opening of a new subway line with 21 new stations covering a total of 18&#160;km railways; • the cutting of internal excessive spendings and the creation of a single purchasing center; • involving tax police officers to check the city books left by previous administrations; • the close collaboration with prosecutors investigating on mafia affiliations; • the pedestrianization of large portions of the city center; • the registration of same-sex unions, still unregulated under the Italian law; • the protection of large green areas from real estate speculation. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Return_to_Medicine_and_Surgery">Return to Medicine and Surgery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="عدل القسم: Return to Medicine and Surgery">عدل المصدر</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In 2016, Ignazio Marino returned to the USA where he is Professor of Surgery at the Thomas Jefferson University, School of Medicine, and Executive Vice President of Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Health in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-jefferson.edu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jefferson.edu-9">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> At Jefferson he started a new curriculum for medical students: a selected group of students will attend the School of Medicine for 3 years in Europe and 3 years in the US and, eventually, they will be able to practice medicine in both continents. Dr. Marino is working with the Noble Laureate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvin_Roth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvin Roth (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Alvin Roth</a> to implement a new method aimed at increasing kidney transplantation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="عدل القسم: Notes and references">عدل المصدر</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <div class="reflist reflist-cols reflist-cols2"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Although partially successful on purely technical grounds, this novel approach to the treatment of terminal <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronic_hepatitis_B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chronic hepatitis B (الصفحة غير موجودة)">chronic hepatitis B</a> infection turned out to be a clinical dead end. These were the first xenotransplants (i.e. animal-to-human organ transplants) to be performed since the case of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_Fae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baby Fae (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Baby Fae</a> (a 2.2&#160; kg newborn infant who had survived just 21 days after receiving a baboon heart in 1984). Despite their different size, baboons share many of the physiological and genetic characteristics of human beings but are resistant to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Both transplanted patients had terminal <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a> due to hepatitis B. One, an <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV</a>-positive 35-year-old man, lived 70 days after the transplant and maintained nearly normal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liver_function&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liver function (الصفحة غير موجودة)">liver function</a>, the other, a 62-year-old man, survived 26 days without regaining consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Starzl1994_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starzl1994-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> This clinical strategy was not pursued. In addition to clinical problems, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organ_rejection&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Organ rejection (الصفحة غير موجودة)">organ rejection</a>, there exists a threat of possible cross-species transmission of disease, as well as other <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioethical&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bioethical (الصفحة غير موجودة)">bioethical</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_rights&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal rights (الصفحة غير موجودة)">animalist</a> concerns. At the time, these two xenotransplants provoked heated controversy in this regard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Minister of Health, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girolamo_Sirchia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Girolamo Sirchia (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Girolamo Sirchia</a>, publicly criticized Marino for undertaking the operation,<sup id="cite_ref-Primo2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primo2001-4">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> and the National Transplant Centre (CNT) advised him not to perform any further transplants on people with HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-Criscenti_2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Criscenti_2001-5">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> This stance conflicted with the opinion of the president of the <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethics">bioethics</a> panel of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerche&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (الصفحة غير موجودة)">National Research Council</a> who openly supported Marino's decision, as well as with views expressed by (among others) the president of the National Bioethics Committee, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Berlinguer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Berlinguer (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Giovanni Berlinguer</a>, who argued that people with HIV should not be excluded <i>a priori</i> from the benefits of transplantation.<sup id="cite_ref-Criscenti_2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Criscenti_2001-5">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> Nowadays, similar transplants are routinely conducted both in Italy and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Bossini2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bossini2012-6">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norman2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman2012-7">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <div class="reflist reflist-cols reflist-cols1"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Senato2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Senato2013_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">"Senatori Eletti (Italia ed Estero)". <i>Elenco alfabetico degli eletti nella XVII legislatura</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy) (الصفحة غير موجودة)">Senato della Repubblica</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Elenco+alfabetico+degli+eletti+nella+XVII+legislatura&amp;rft.atitle=Senatori+Eletti+%28Italia+ed+Estero%29&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">الوسيط <code class="cs1-code">&#124;CitationClass=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">مفقود أو فارغ <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>); </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">&#124;access-date=</code> بحاجة لـ <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r47703133">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starzl1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Starzl1994_2-0"><sup><i><b>أ</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starzl1994_2-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStarzlMurase,_NTzakis,_AFung,_JJ1994" class="citation journal">Starzl, TE; Murase, N; Tzakis, A; Fung, JJ; Todo, S; Demetris, AJ; Manez, R; Marino, IR; Valdivia, L (August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000172">"Clinical xenotransplantation"</a>. <i>Xenotransplantation</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 3–7. <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A" title="معرف الغرض الرقمي">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3089.1994.tb00044.x">10.1111/j.1399-3089.1994.tb00044.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ببمد سنترال">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="يمكن الوصول إليها بحرية"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000172">3000172</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF" title="ببمد">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21151801">21151801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Xenotransplantation&amp;rft.atitle=Clinical+xenotransplantation.&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=3-7&amp;rft.date=1994-08&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3000172&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21151801&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1399-3089.1994.tb00044.x&amp;rft.aulast=Starzl&amp;rft.aufirst=TE&amp;rft.au=Murase%2C+N&amp;rft.au=Tzakis%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Fung%2C+JJ&amp;rft.au=Todo%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Demetris%2C+AJ&amp;rft.au=Manez%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Marino%2C+IR&amp;rft.au=Valdivia%2C+L&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3000172&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">الوسيط <code class="cs1-code">&#124;CitationClass=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r47703133"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Primo2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Primo2001_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ar" dir="rtl"><small>اكتب عنوان المرجع بين علامتي الفتح <code>&lt;ref&gt;</code> والإغلاق <code>&lt;/ref&gt;</code> للمرجع <code>Primo2001</code></small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Criscenti_2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Criscenti_2001_5-0"><sup><i><b>أ</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Criscenti_2001_5-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCriscenti2001" class="citation news">Criscenti, Gianfranco (6 October 2001). "L'Hiv esclude il trapianto?". <i>Galileo - giornale di scienza</i> (باللغة الإيطالية).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Galileo+-+giornale+di+scienza&amp;rft.atitle=L%27Hiv+esclude+il+trapianto%3F&amp;rft.date=2001-10-06&amp;rft.aulast=Criscenti&amp;rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">الوسيط <code class="cs1-code">&#124;CitationClass=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>); </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">&#124;access-date=</code> بحاجة لـ <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r47703133"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bossini2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bossini2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBossiniSandrini,_SValerio,_F2012" class="citation journal">Bossini, N; Sandrini, S; Valerio, F (July–August 2012). "[Kidney transplant in patients with HIV infection]". <i>Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia</i> (باللغة الإيطالية و الإنجليزية). <b>29</b> (4): 404–17. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF" title="ببمد">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22843153">22843153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Giornale+Italiano+di+Nefrologia&amp;rft.atitle=%5BKidney+transplant+in+patients+with+HIV+infection%5D&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=404-17&amp;rft.date=2012-07%2F2012-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22843153&amp;rft.aulast=Bossini&amp;rft.aufirst=N&amp;rft.au=Sandrini%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Valerio%2C+F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">الوسيط <code class="cs1-code">&#124;CitationClass=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r47703133"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman2012_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNormanKommareddi,_MKaul,_DR2012" class="citation journal">Norman, SP; Kommareddi, M; Kaul, DR (July–September 2012). "Update on kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients". <i>AIDS Reviews</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 195–207. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF" title="ببمد">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22833063">22833063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=AIDS+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Update+on+kidney+transplantation+in+HIV-infected+recipients&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=195-207&amp;rft.date=2012-07%2F2012-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22833063&amp;rft.aulast=Norman&amp;rft.aufirst=SP&amp;rft.au=Kommareddi%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Kaul%2C+DR&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">الوسيط <code class="cs1-code">&#124;CitationClass=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r47703133"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jefferson.edu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-jefferson.edu_9-0"><sup><i><b>أ</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jefferson.edu_9-1"><sup><i><b>ب</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ar" dir="rtl"><small>اكتب عنوان المرجع بين علامتي الفتح <code>&lt;ref&gt;</code> والإغلاق <code>&lt;/ref&gt;</code> للمرجع <code>jefferson.edu</code></small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Elezioni2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elezioni2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">"Elezioni Comunali 2013, Liste e risultati: Roma". <i>La Repubblica</i>. 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&amp;rft.atitle=Elezioni+Comunali+2013%2C+Liste+e+risultati%3A+Roma&amp;rft.date=2013-06-10&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">الوسيط <code class="cs1-code">&#124;CitationClass=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r47703133"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRothMarinoEkwennaDunn2020" class="citation journal">Roth, Alvin E.; Marino, Ignazio R.; Ekwenna, Obi; Dunn, Ty B.; Paloyo, Siegfredo R.; Tan, Miguel; Correa‐Rotter, Ricardo; Kuhr, Christian S.; Marsh, Christopher L.; Ortiz, Jorge; Testa, Giuliano; Sindhwani, Puneet; Segev, Dorry L.; Rogers, Jeffrey; Punch, Jeffrey D.; Forbes, Rachel C.; Zimmerman, Michael A.; Ellis, Matthew J.; Rege, Aparna; Basagoitia, Laura; Krawiec, Kimberly D.; Rees, Michael A. (2020). "Global kidney exchange should expand wisely". <i>Transplant International</i>. <b>33</b> (9): 985–988. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF" title="ببمد">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32430941">32430941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218760100">218760100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Transplant+International&amp;rft.atitle=Global+kidney+exchange+should+expand+wisely&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=985-988&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32430941&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218760100&amp;rft.aulast=Roth&amp;rft.aufirst=Alvin+E.&amp;rft.au=Marino%2C+Ignazio+R.&amp;rft.au=Ekwenna%2C+Obi&amp;rft.au=Dunn%2C+Ty+B.&amp;rft.au=Paloyo%2C+Siegfredo+R.&amp;rft.au=Tan%2C+Miguel&amp;rft.au=Correa%E2%80%90Rotter%2C+Ricardo&amp;rft.au=Kuhr%2C+Christian+S.&amp;rft.au=Marsh%2C+Christopher+L.&amp;rft.au=Ortiz%2C+Jorge&amp;rft.au=Testa%2C+Giuliano&amp;rft.au=Sindhwani%2C+Puneet&amp;rft.au=Segev%2C+Dorry+L.&amp;rft.au=Rogers%2C+Jeffrey&amp;rft.au=Punch%2C+Jeffrey+D.&amp;rft.au=Forbes%2C+Rachel+C.&amp;rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Michael+A.&amp;rft.au=Ellis%2C+Matthew+J.&amp;rft.au=Rege%2C+Aparna&amp;rft.au=Basagoitia%2C+Laura&amp;rft.au=Krawiec%2C+Kimberly+D.&amp;rft.au=Rees%2C+Michael+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">الوسيط <code class="cs1-code">&#124;CitationClass=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r47703133"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRothMarinoEkwennaDunn2020" class="citation journal">Roth, Alvin E.; Marino, Ignazio R.; Ekwenna, Obi; Dunn, Ty B.; Paloyo, Siegfredo R.; Tan, Miguel; Correa‐Rotter, Ricardo; Kuhr, Christian S.; Marsh, Christopher L.; Ortiz, Jorge; Testa, Giuliano; Sindhwani, Puneet; Segev, Dorry L.; Rogers, Jeffrey; Punch, Jeffrey D.; Forbes, Rachel C.; Zimmerman, Michael A.; Ellis, Matthew J.; Rege, Aparna; Basagoitia, Laura; Krawiec, Kimberly D.; Rees, Michael A. (2020). "Global kidney exchange should expand wisely". <i>Transplant International</i>. <b>33</b> (9): 985–988. <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF" title="ببمد">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32430941">32430941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218760100">218760100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Transplant+International&amp;rft.atitle=Global+kidney+exchange+should+expand+wisely&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=985-988&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32430941&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218760100&amp;rft.aulast=Roth&amp;rft.aufirst=Alvin+E.&amp;rft.au=Marino%2C+Ignazio+R.&amp;rft.au=Ekwenna%2C+Obi&amp;rft.au=Dunn%2C+Ty+B.&amp;rft.au=Paloyo%2C+Siegfredo+R.&amp;rft.au=Tan%2C+Miguel&amp;rft.au=Correa%E2%80%90Rotter%2C+Ricardo&amp;rft.au=Kuhr%2C+Christian+S.&amp;rft.au=Marsh%2C+Christopher+L.&amp;rft.au=Ortiz%2C+Jorge&amp;rft.au=Testa%2C+Giuliano&amp;rft.au=Sindhwani%2C+Puneet&amp;rft.au=Segev%2C+Dorry+L.&amp;rft.au=Rogers%2C+Jeffrey&amp;rft.au=Punch%2C+Jeffrey+D.&amp;rft.au=Forbes%2C+Rachel+C.&amp;rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Michael+A.&amp;rft.au=Ellis%2C+Matthew+J.&amp;rft.au=Rege%2C+Aparna&amp;rft.au=Basagoitia%2C+Laura&amp;rft.au=Krawiec%2C+Kimberly+D.&amp;rft.au=Rees%2C+Michael+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Far.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88+%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">الوسيط <code class="cs1-code">&#124;CitationClass=</code> تم تجاهله (<a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="مساعدة:CS1 errors">مساعدة</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r47703133"/></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="إعلام صغير plainlinks sisterlinks commonscat" style="width:50%"><div class="صورة" style="display:inline"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB/%D8%A5%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="مشاريع شقيقة"><img alt="مشاريع شقيقة" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/49px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="66" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/74px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/98px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div style="display:inline">في <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ويكيميديا كومنز">كومنز</a> صور وملفات عن: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ignazio_Marino" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ignazio Marino">إغنازيو مارينو</a></div></div> <p><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:Mayors_of_Rome&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="قالب:Mayors of Rome (الصفحة غير موجودة)">قالب:Mayors of Rome</a> </p> <div class="auth-control"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:1px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="ضبط استنادي">ضبط استنادي</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:right;border-right-width:2px;border-right-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2006115619">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="ملف استنادي متكامل">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/1082376477">1082376477</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="المحدد المعياري الدولي للأسماء">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000054160887">0000 0000 5416 0887</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="رقم الضبط في مكتبة الكونغرس">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2006115619">no2006115619</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICCU_(identifier)" class="extiw" title="en:ICCU (identifier)">ICCU</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opac/iccu/scheda_authority.jsp?bid=IT\ICCU\CAGV\318241">IT\ICCU\CAGV\318241</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="ملف استنادي دولي افتراضي">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7154700">7154700</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> '
ما إذا كان التعديل قد تم عمله من خلال عقدة خروج تور (tor_exit_node)
false
طابع زمن التغيير ليونكس (timestamp)
1616079114
مجلوبة من «https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/خاص:سجل_الإساءة/5649508»