علم القياسات الفلكية: الفرق بين النسختين
| [مراجعة غير مفحوصة] | [مراجعة غير مفحوصة] |
ط بوت:تبديل قالب |
لا ملخص تعديل |
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| سطر 1: | سطر 1: | ||
????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????[76] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????[77][78] ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????[78] ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.[76] ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????.[79][80] |
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{{مقالة غير مراجعة|تاريخ=يونيو 2011}} |
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'''علم القياسات الفلكية''' هو فرع من [[علم الفلك]] يختص بدراسة القياسات بين مواقع وتحركات [[نجم|النجوم]] والأجسام السماوية الأخرى.<ref>{{مرجع ويب |
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| الأول=Robert Roy | الأخير=Britt |
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| التاريخ=7 October 2002 |
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| المسار=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/quaoar_discovery_021007.html |
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| العنوان=Discovery: Largest Solar System Object Since Pluto |
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| الناشر=[[SPACE.com]] | تاريخ الوصول=2007-12-06 |
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}}</ref><ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1895AJ.....15..113L Great Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn]</ref><ref>{{مرجع كتاب |العنوان=Star maps: history, artistry, and cartography |الأول=Nick |الأخير=Kanas |الناشر=Springer |date=2007 |الصفحة=109 |isbn=0-387-71668-8}}</ref> ساعدت المعلومات التي تم التوصل من خلال القياسات الفلكية على فهم [[علم الحركة|تحركات]] والأصل الفيزيائي [[المجموعة الشمسية|للمجموعة الشمسية]] و[[مجرة|مجرتنا]] [[درب التبانة]]. |
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== مراجع == |
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{{مراجع}} |
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?????? ??? ???? ?????? 18 ???? 1869 ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1881 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???.[81] |
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{{تصنيف كومنز|Astrometry}} |
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{{علم الفلك}} |
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{{فروع علم الفلك}} |
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{{علم الكواكب خارج النظام الشمسي}} |
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{{ضبط استنادي}} |
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{{شريط بوابات|علم الفلك|المجموعة الشمسية|فضاء|علم الكواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية}} |
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{{لا لربط البوابات المعادل}} |
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????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? (1914-1917) ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 1914 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1922 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.[82][83] |
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{{بذرة علم الفلك}} |
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??????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ??????? ??????? |
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[[تصنيف:تخصصات فلكية فرعية]] |
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[[تصنيف:قياسات]] |
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????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????. |
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[[تصنيف:هندسة فلكية]] |
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??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1919 ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? "????? 28 ?????? 1922" ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.[84] |
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??? ??? 1923 ?????? "???? ????????" ???? ???? ????? 1923? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? 1936 ???? 20 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 8 ?????? 1951 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1899? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? 3 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 27 ????? 1952? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1952 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????[85] ?? ????? ????????? ??? 18 ????? 1953.[86][87] |
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????????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 23 ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ????? |
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???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????. |
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?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92] |
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???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94] |
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??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? |
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?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96] |
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?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99] |
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نسخة 03:42، 5 أبريل 2018
????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????[76] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????[77][78] ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????[78] ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.[76] ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????.[79][80]
?????? ??? ???? ?????? 18 ???? 1869 ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1881 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???.[81]
????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? (1914-1917) ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 1914 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1922 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.[82][83] ???????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ??????? ???????
????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1919 ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? "????? 28 ?????? 1922" ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.[84] ??? ??? 1923 ?????? "???? ????????" ???? ???? ????? 1923? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? 1936 ???? 20 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 8 ?????? 1951 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1899? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? 3 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 27 ????? 1952? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1952 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????[85] ?? ????? ????????? ??? 18 ????? 1953.[86][87] ?????????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 23 ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????.
?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92]
???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94] ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????
?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96]
?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99]