English: What are hypospadias and epispadias? Hypospadias and epispadias are both congenital conditions involving an abnormal opening of the urethra.

Sources: First Aid USMLE Step 1 (text) Pathoma (text/video) Goljan EF. Rapid Review Pathology. Chapter 21: Lower Urinary Tract and Male Reproductive Disorders. pp 533-534 (text) "Hypospadias" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias "Epispadias" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epispadias Sadler. Langman: Embriologia Medica. pp 371-372 (text) Kaplan Lecture Notes 2015. Anatomy Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis and Perineum pp 162 (text) "Female epispadias" https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2200536 "Female epispadias" http://www.jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(01)64276-9/abstract Ronald D. Board Review Series. Embryology. Sixth Edition. "Penis: Embryology" http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/ugenital/genitexterne02.html

Orkiszewski M. A standardized classification of hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol. 2012;8:410–4