تقويم رومي: الفرق بين النسختين
| [مراجعة غير مفحوصة] | [مراجعة غير مفحوصة] |
Mr.Ibrahembot (نقاش | مساهمات) |
لا ملخص تعديل وسم: تعديلات طويلة |
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| سطر 1: | سطر 1: | ||
????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????[76] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????[77][78] ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????[78] ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.[76] ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????.[79][80] |
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{{مقالة غير مراجعة|تاريخ=مارس 2017}} |
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{{وصلات قليلة|تاريخ=مارس 2017}} |
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?????? ??? ???? ?????? 18 ???? 1869 ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1881 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???.[81] |
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{{ميز|تقويم بيزنطي}} |
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'''التقويم الرومي''' {{ترك|Rumi takvim}} أو الهجري أو (التقويم الغريغوري 622) ,<br> |
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هو تقويم يعتمد على ابتداء السنة مع الشمس, ويسمى ايضا بالتقويم الشمسي,<br> |
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الذي اعتمد في 13 اذار 1840 .<br> |
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<br> |
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التقويم القمري مكون من 354 يوم بينما التقويم الشمسي مكون من 365 يوم حسب دوران الشمس. |
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????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? (1914-1917) ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 1914 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1922 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.[82][83] |
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<br> |
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??????? |
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''' |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ??????? ??????? |
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== أشهر التقويم الرومي == |
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{| align="center" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="5" class="" style="margin-bottom: 196px;" |
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| align="center" style="background: #aaaaff;" | '''الشهر''' |
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| align="center" style="background: #aaaaff;" |<br> |
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| align="center" style="background: #aaaaff;" |<br> |
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| align="center" style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |'''عدد <br> |
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الايام''' |
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| align="center" style="background: #aaaaff;" |'''الشهر الحالي''' |
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|- |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |الأول |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |مارت |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" | 31 |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |اذار |
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|- |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |الثاني |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |نيسان |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" | 30 |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |نيسان |
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|- |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |الثالث |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |مايو |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" | 31 |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |ايار |
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|- |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |الرابع |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |حزيران |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" | 30 |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |حزيران |
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|- |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |الخامس |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |تموز |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" | 31 |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |تموز |
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|- |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |السادس |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |اغسطس |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" | 31 |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" | [[أغسطس|ا]]<nowiki/>غسطس |
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|- |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |السابع |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |أيلول |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" | 30 |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" | [[سبتمبر|ا]]<nowiki/>يلول |
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|- |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |الثامن |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |تشرين الاول |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" | 31 |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |تشرين الاول |
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|- |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |التاسع |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |تشرين الثاني |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |30 |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |تشرين الثاني |
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|- |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |العاشر |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |كانون الاول |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |31 |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |كانون الاول |
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|- |
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| style="background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;" |الحادي عشر |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |كانون الثاني |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" | 31 |
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| style="background: #ddddff;" |كانون الثاني |
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|- |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |الثاني عشر |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |شباط |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |<br> |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" | 28 |
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| style="background: #eeeeff;" |شباط |
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|} |
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{{تقاويم وأسماء الشهور}} |
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{{شريط بوابات|زمن|الدولة العثمانية|تركيا}} |
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????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????. |
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[[تصنيف:انحلالات سنة 1926 في تركيا]] |
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??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1919 ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? "????? 28 ?????? 1922" ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.[84] |
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[[تصنيف:تقاويم تستند إلى الهجرة النبوية]] |
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??? ??? 1923 ?????? "???? ????????" ???? ???? ????? 1923? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? 1936 ???? 20 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 8 ?????? 1951 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1899? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? 3 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 27 ????? 1952? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1952 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????[85] ?? ????? ????????? ??? 18 ????? 1953.[86][87] |
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[[تصنيف:ثقافة عثمانية]] |
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????????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 23 ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ????? |
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???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????. |
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?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92] |
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???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94] |
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??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? |
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?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96] |
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?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99] |
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?? 6 ??????? 1981? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????[100][101] ?? ?????? 1981 ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??.[102] |
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????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 30 ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???: ????? ????? ??????? 1986 ???? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????) ?????? ?????? 1997 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? 98 ?? ????? 6 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 25 ????? 2011 ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.[102][103][104] |
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???? 25 ????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 25 ????? ????? 2011 ?? ??? |
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???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. |
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???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? 2010.[105] ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 25 ????? 2011 (??? ??? ??????) ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? 28 ????? ????? ??? �???? ?????� ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????[76] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????[77][78] ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????[78] ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.[76] ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????.[79][80] |
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?????? ??? ???? ?????? 18 ???? 1869 ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1881 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???.[81] |
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????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? (1914-1917) ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 1914 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1922 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.[82][83] |
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??????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ??????? ??????? |
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????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????. |
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??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1919 ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? "????? 28 ?????? 1922" ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.[84] |
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??? ??? 1923 ?????? "???? ????????" ???? ???? ????? 1923? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? 1936 ???? 20 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 8 ?????? 1951 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1899? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? 3 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 27 ????? 1952? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1952 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????[85] ?? ????? ????????? ??? 18 ????? 1953.[86][87] |
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????????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 23 ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ????? |
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???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????. |
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?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92] |
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???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94] |
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??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? |
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?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96] |
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?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99] |
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?? 6 ??????? 1981? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ????? |
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???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????. |
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?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92] |
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???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94] |
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??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? |
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?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96] |
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?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99] |
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?? 6 ??????? 1981? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????[100][101] ?? ?????? 1981 ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??.[102] |
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????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 30 ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???: ????? ????? ??????? 1986 ???? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????) ?????? ?????? 1997 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? 98 ?? ????? 6 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 25 ????? 2011 ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.[102][103][104] |
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???? 25 ????? |
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Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 25 ????? ????? 2011 ?? ??? |
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???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????. |
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???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? 2010.[105] ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 25 ????? 2011 (??? ??? ??????) ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? 28 ????? ????? ??? �???? ?????� ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? |
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نسخة 03:57، 5 أبريل 2018
????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????[76] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????[77][78] ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????[78] ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.[76] ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????.[79][80]
?????? ??? ???? ?????? 18 ???? 1869 ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1881 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???.[81]
????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? (1914-1917) ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 1914 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1922 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.[82][83] ???????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ??????? ???????
????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1919 ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? "????? 28 ?????? 1922" ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.[84] ??? ??? 1923 ?????? "???? ????????" ???? ???? ????? 1923? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? 1936 ???? 20 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 8 ?????? 1951 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1899? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? 3 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 27 ????? 1952? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1952 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????[85] ?? ????? ????????? ??? 18 ????? 1953.[86][87] ?????????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 23 ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????.
?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92]
???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94] ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????
?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96]
?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99]
?? 6 ??????? 1981? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????[100][101] ?? ?????? 1981 ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??.[102]
????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 30 ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???: ????? ????? ??????? 1986 ???? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????) ?????? ?????? 1997 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? 98 ?? ????? 6 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 25 ????? 2011 ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.[102][103][104] ???? 25 ?????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 25 ????? ????? 2011 ?? ???
???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????.
???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? 2010.[105] ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 25 ????? 2011 (??? ??? ??????) ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? 28 ????? ????? ??? �???? ?????� ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????[76] ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????[77][78] ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????[78] ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.[76] ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????.[79][80]
?????? ??? ???? ?????? 18 ???? 1869 ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1881 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???.[81]
????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? (1914-1917) ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 1914 ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1922 ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????.[82][83] ???????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ????? ?????: ??????? ???????
????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1919 ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? "????? 28 ?????? 1922" ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.[84] ??? ??? 1923 ?????? "???? ????????" ???? ???? ????? 1923? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? 1936 ???? 20 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 8 ?????? 1951 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1899? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? 3 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 27 ????? 1952? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 1952 ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????[85] ?? ????? ????????? ??? 18 ????? 1953.[86][87] ?????????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 23 ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????.
?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92]
???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94] ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????
?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96]
?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99]
?? 6 ??????? 1981? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ??? ?????????? ???? 6 ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????.
?? 23 ????? 1952 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? �?????? ????????� ???? ????? ????? ????? "???? 23 ?????"?[88][89] ??? ??? 1953 ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????[90] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1958 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1961? ??? ????? ???? ?????? 1960-1970? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.[91][92]
???? ??????? ?? 5 ????? 1967 ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????� ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1970 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[93][94] ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????
?? 6 ??????? 1973 ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 22 ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????.[95][96]
?? ??? 1977 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????[97] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1979 ??? ??? 1989.[98][99]
?? 6 ??????? 1981? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????[100][101] ?? ?????? 1981 ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??.[102]
????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 30 ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???: ????? ????? ??????? 1986 ???? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????) ?????? ?????? 1997 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? 98 ?? ????? 6 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? 25 ????? 2011 ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????.[102][103][104] ???? 25 ?????
Crystal Clear app kdict.png ?????? ?????: ???? 25 ????? ????? 2011 ?? ???
???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????.
???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? 2010.[105] ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 25 ????? 2011 (??? ??? ??????) ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? 28 ????? ????? ??? �???? ?????� ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???