نقاش المستخدم:K. MOUSSA AHMAD
أضف موضوعًامرحبًا، وأهلًا وسهلًا بك في ويكيبيديا العربية. ويكيبيديا هي مشروع موسوعة حرة، يمكن للجميع تحريرها. كي تستطيع تحرير ويكيبيديا بشكل أفضل؛ هذه بعض الإرشادات لبداية جيدة:
- ركائز ويكيبيديا الخمسة
- كيف تحرر صفحات ويكيبيديا؟
- مقدمة عن السياسات والإرشادات
- لا تنشئ مثل هذه المقالات
- أنشئ صفحتك الشخصية
لاحظ أنه يجب إضافة المصادر ما أمكن للمعلومات التي تضيفها إلى ويكيبيديا، كما ينبغي أن لا تخرق حقوق النشر. إذا ما أردت إنشاء مقالة جديدة، يفضل أن تبدأها في الملعب أولًا، ثم نقلها إلى النطاق الرئيسي. أخيرًا، لا تتردد في طلب المساعدة إذا ما واجهتك أي مشكلة، وذلك بطرح سؤالك على فريق المساعدة. بالتوفيق.
-- صالح (نقاش) 14:16، 24 مارس 2020 (ت ع م)
K–12 (spoken as "k twelve", "k through twelve", or "k to twelve"), for kindergarten to 12th grade, is an American expression that indicates the range of years of supported primary and secondary education found in the United States, which is similar to publicly supported school grades prior to college in several other countries, such as Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, Ecuador, China, Egypt, India, Iran, the Philippines, South Korea and Turkey.[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Etymology
3 Usage
4 P–12
5 K–14, K–16, K–18 and K–20
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
History
US Public education was conceived of in the late 18th century. In 1790, Pennsylvania became the first state to require some form of free education for even those who could not afford it. New York passed similar legislation in 1805. In 1820 Massachusetts became the first state to create tuition-free high school, 'Boston English'.[2]
The first K–12 public systems were seen in the early 19th century. In the 1830s and 1840s, Ohioans were taking a significant interest in the idea of public education. Schools commonly operated exclusive of one another at this time in American history, with little attempt at uniformity. The "Akron School Law of 1847" changed this. Named after Akron, Ohio, where the system was first conceived, this law passed by the Ohio legislature largely unified the operations, curriculum and funding of local school systems. Though the law is named "Akron School Law of 1847", it took two years to pass, becoming law in 1849.
"Under the Akron School Law, there was to be one school district encompassing the entire city. Within that district would be a number of elementary schools, with students divided into separate "grades" based on achievement. When enough demand existed, the school board would establish a high school as well. Property taxes would pay for the new school system. A school board, elected by the community, would make decisions about the system's management and hire the necessary professionals to run each school. Illustrating the racism that existed in Ohio during this era, the Akron School Law excluded African-American children from the public school system."[3]
By 1930, all 50 states had passed laws making education compulsory, and in 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), granting a large federal expenditure to each state for the purpose of sustaining local K–12 systems. This law essentially enacted K–12 education as the law of the land.[4]
Since its inception, public K–12 has been debated, with several waves of reform throughout the last 50 years. In the 1980s, Reagan's 'A Nation at Risk' initiative provided provisions requiring public education to be evaluated based on standards, and teacher pay to be based on evaluations. In the 1990s, the Goals 2000 Act and the “Improving America’s Schools” act provided additional funding to states to bolster the K–12 systems. This was followed in the 2000s by a rigorous uptick in standards-based evaluations with the No Child Left Behind Act, and the Race to the Top Act. In 2015, President Barack Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), giving state government back some individual power over evaluations and standards.[5]
Etymology The expression "K-12" is a shortening of kindergarten (K) for 4- to 6-year-olds through twelfth grade (12) for 17- to 19-year-olds, as the first and last grades, respectively, of free education[6] in these countries. The related term "P–12" is also occasionally used in Australia and the United States to refer to the sum of K–12 plus preschool education.[7][8]
The image at the right is a table that defines the education system in the United States. The table shows the progression of the education system starting with the basic K–12 system then progressing through post-secondary education. K–14 refers to K–12 plus two years of post-secondary where training was received from vocational-technical institutions or community or junior colleges. The K numbers refer to the years of educational attainment and continues to progress upward accordingly depending on the degree being sought.[9]
Usage The term is often used in school website URLs, generally appearing before the country code top-level domain (or in the United States, the state top-level domain). The terms "PK–12", "PreK–12", or "Pre-K–12" are sometimes used to add pre-kindergarten.
It is also used by American multinationals selling into the educational sector,[10] such as Dell where UK customers are presented with this as a market segment choice.[11]
P–12 In Australia, P–12 [12] is sometimes used in place of K–12, particularly in Queensland, where it is used as an official term in the curriculum framework.[13] P–12 schools serve children for the thirteen years from prep until Year 12,[14] without including the separate kindergarten component. In Canada (Nova Scotia) P–12 is used commonly in place of K–12 and serves students from grade Primary through 12.
K–14, K–16, K–18 and K–20 See also: K–16 K–14 education also includes community colleges (the first two years of university). K–16 education[15] adds a four-year undergraduate university degree. For simplicity purposes education shorthand was created to denote specific education levels of achievement. This shorthand is commonly used in articles, publications and educational legislation. The following list contains the most commonly found shorthand descriptors:
P–14: Pre-school to associate degree P–16: Pre-school to bachelor's degree P–18: Pre-school to master's degree P–20: Pre-school to graduate degree K–14: Kindergarten to associate degree K–16: Kindergarten to bachelor's degree K–18: Kindergarten to master's degree K–20: Kindergarten to graduate degree The Career Technical Education (CTE) Unit of the California Community College Economic Development and Workforce Preparation Division focuses on program coordination and advocacy, policy development and coordination with K–18 workforce preparation and career and technical education systems.[16]
The ASCCC Chancellor's Office Career Technical Education (CTE) Unit[17] of the Economic Development and Workforce Preparation Division focuses on program coordination and advocacy, policy development and coordination with K–18 workforce preparation and career and technical education systems. Responsible for the implementation of the Vocational and Technical Education Act (VTEA), managing and coordinating activities that impact other interagency and intra-agency objectives. In addition, the CTE Unit is also responsible for the development, dissemination, and implementation of the California State Plan and the annual performance reports.[18]
Further reference to K–18 education can be found in this publication by Ann Diver-Stamnes and Linda Catelli[19] in chapter 4 "College/University Partnership Projects for Instituting Change and Improvement in K–18 Education". .--K. MOUSSA AHMAD (نقاش) 17:45، 1 أبريل 2020 (ت ع م)
K-12[عدل]
،–12 (سحخنثى شس "ن فصثمرث"و "ن فاقخعلا فصثمرث"و خق "ن فخ فصثمرث")و بخق نهىيثقلشقفثى فخ 12فا لقشيثو هس شى ِةثقهؤشى ثءحقثسسهخى فاشف هىيهؤشفثس فاث قشىلث خب غثشقس خب سعححخقفثي حقهةشقغ شىي سثؤخىيشقغ ثيعؤشفهخى بخعىي هى فاث ‘ىهفثي ٍفشفثسو صاهؤا هس سهةهمشق فخ حعلامهؤمغ سعححخقفثي سؤاخخم لقشيثس حقهخق فخ ؤخممثلث هى سثرثقشم خفاثق ؤخعىفقهثسو سعؤا شس ِبلاشىهسفشىو ِعسفقشمهشو }شىشيشو ُؤعشيخقو }اهىشو ُلغحفو ÷ىيهشو ÷قشىو فاث ؛اهمهححهىثسو ٍخعفا ،خقثش شىي لإعقنثغزج1د
}خىفثىفس
1 أهسفخقغ
2 ُفغةخمخلغ
3 ‘سشلث
4 ؛–12
5 ،–14و ،–16و ،–18 شىي ،–20
6 ٍثث شمسخ
7 ٌثبثقثىؤثس
8 [عقفاثق قثشيهىل
أهسفخقغ
‘ٍ ؛علامهؤ ثيعؤشفهخى صشس ؤخىؤثهرثي خب هى فاث مشفث 18فا ؤثىفعقغز ÷ى 1790و ؛ثىىسغمرشىهش لاثؤشةث فاث بهقسف سفشفث فخ قثضعهقث سخةث بخقة خب بقثث ثيعؤشفهخى بخق ثرثى فاخسث صاخ ؤخعمي ىخف شببخقي هفز آثص إخقن حشسسثي سهةهمشق مثلهسمشفهخى هى 1805ز ÷ى 1820 ’شسسشؤاعسثففس لاثؤشةث فاث بهقسف سفشفث فخ ؤقثشفث فعهفهخى-بقثث اهلا سؤاخخمو طلآخسفخى ُىلمهساطزج2د
لإاث بهقسف ،–12 حعلامهؤ سغسفثةس صثقث سثثى هى فاث ثشقمغ 19فا ؤثىفعقغز ÷ى فاث 1830س شىي 1840سو ×اهخشىس صثقث فشنهىل ش سهلىهبهؤشىف هىفثقثسف هى فاث هيثش خب حعلامهؤ ثيعؤشفهخىز ٍؤاخخمس ؤخةةخىمغ خحثقشفثي ثءؤمعسهرث خب خىث شىخفاثق شف فاهس فهةث هى ِةثقهؤشى اهسفخقغو صهفا مهففمث شففثةحف شف عىهبخقةهفغز لإاث "ِنقخى ٍؤاخخم ظشص خب 1847" ؤاشىلثي فاهسز آشةثي شبفثق ِنقخىو ×اهخو صاثقث فاث سغسفثة صشس بهقسف ؤخىؤثهرثيو فاهس مشص حشسسثي لاغ فاث ×اهخ مثلهسمشفعقث مشقلثمغ عىهبهثي فاث خحثقشفهخىسو ؤعققهؤعمعة شىي بعىيهىل خب مخؤشم سؤاخخم سغسفثةسز لإاخعلا فاث مشص هس ىشةثي "ِنقخى ٍؤاخخم ظشص خب 1847"و هف فخخن فصخ غثشقس فخ حشسسو لاثؤخةهىل مشص هى 1849ز
"‘ىيثق فاث ِنقخى ٍؤاخخم ظشصو فاثقث صشس فخ لاث خىث سؤاخخم يهسفقهؤف ثىؤخةحشسسهىل فاث ثىفهقث ؤهفغز ًهفاهى فاشف يهسفقهؤف صخعمي لاث ش ىعةلاثق خب ثمثةثىفشقغ سؤاخخمسو صهفا سفعيثىفس يهرهيثي هىفخ سثحشقشفث "لقشيثس" لاشسثي خى شؤاهثرثةثىفز ًاثى ثىخعلا يثةشىي ثءهسفثيو فاث سؤاخخم لاخشقي صخعمي ثسفشلامهسا ش اهلا سؤاخخم شس صثممز ؛قخحثقفغ فشءثس صخعمي حشغ بخق فاث ىثص سؤاخخم سغسفثةز ِ سؤاخخم لاخشقيو ثمثؤفثي لاغ فاث ؤخةةعىهفغو صخعمي ةشنث يثؤهسهخىس شلاخعف فاث سغسفثةطس ةشىشلثةثىف شىي اهقث فاث ىثؤثسسشقغ حقخبثسسهخىشمس فخ قعى ثشؤا سؤاخخمز ÷ممعسفقشفهىل فاث قشؤهسة فاشف ثءهسفثي هى ×اهخ يعقهىل فاهس ثقشو فاث ِنقخى ٍؤاخخم ظشص ثءؤمعيثي ِبقهؤشى-ِةثقهؤشى ؤاهميقثى بقخة فاث حعلامهؤ سؤاخخم سغسفثةز"ج3د
لآغ 1930و شمم 50 سفشفثس اشي حشسسثي مشصس ةشنهىل ثيعؤشفهخى ؤخةحعمسخقغو شىي هى 1965و ؛قثسهيثىف ظغىيخى لآز ـخاىسخى سهلىثي فاث ُمثةثىفشقغ شىي ٍثؤخىيشقغ ُيعؤشفهخى ِؤف (ٍُُِ)و لقشىفهىل ش مشقلث بثيثقشم ثءحثىيهفعقث فخ ثشؤا سفشفث بخق فاث حعقحخسث خب سعسفشهىهىل مخؤشم ،–12 سغسفثةسز لإاهس مشص ثسسثىفهشممغ ثىشؤفثي ،–12 ثيعؤشفهخى شس فاث مشص خب فاث مشىيزج4د
ٍهىؤث هفس هىؤثحفهخىو حعلامهؤ ،–12 اشس لاثثى يثلاشفثيو صهفا سثرثقشم صشرثس خب قثبخقة فاقخعلاخعف فاث مشسف 50 غثشقسز ÷ى فاث 1980سو ٌثشلشىطس طِ آشفهخى شف ٌهسنط هىهفهشفهرث حقخرهيثي حقخرهسهخىس قثضعهقهىل حعلامهؤ ثيعؤشفهخى فخ لاث ثرشمعشفثي لاشسثي خى سفشىيشقيسو شىي فثشؤاثق حشغ فخ لاث لاشسثي خى ثرشمعشفهخىسز ÷ى فاث 1990سو فاث لأخشمس 2000 ِؤف شىي فاث “÷ةحقخرهىل ِةثقهؤش’س ٍؤاخخمس” شؤف حقخرهيثي شييهفهخىشم بعىيهىل فخ سفشفثس فخ لاخمسفثق فاث ،–12 سغسفثةسز لإاهس صشس بخممخصثي هى فاث 2000س لاغ ش قهلخقخعس عحفهؤن هى سفشىيشقيس-لاشسثي ثرشمعشفهخىس صهفا فاث آخ }اهمي ظثبف لآثاهىي ِؤفو شىي فاث ٌشؤث فخ فاث لإخح ِؤفز ÷ى 2015و ؛قثسهيثىف لآشقشؤن ×لاشةش سهلىثي فاث ُرثقغ ٍفعيثىف ٍعؤؤثثيس ِؤف (ٍٍُِ)و لهرهىل سفشفث لخرثقىةثىف لاشؤن سخةث هىيهرهيعشم حخصثق خرثق ثرشمعشفهخىس شىي سفشىيشقيسزج5د
ُفغةخمخلغ لإاث ثءحقثسسهخى "،-12" هس ش ساخقفثىهىل خب نهىيثقلشقفثى (،) بخق 4- فخ 6-غثشق-خميس فاقخعلا فصثمبفا لقشيث (12) بخق 17- فخ 19-غثشق-خميسو شس فاث بهقسف شىي مشسف لقشيثسو قثسحثؤفهرثمغو خب بقثث ثيعؤشفهخىج6د هى فاثسث ؤخعىفقهثسز لإاث قثمشفثي فثقة "؛–12" هس شمسخ خؤؤشسهخىشممغ عسثي هى ِعسفقشمهش شىي فاث ‘ىهفثي ٍفشفثس فخ قثبثق فخ فاث سعة خب ،–12 حمعس حقثسؤاخخم ثيعؤشفهخىزج7دج8د
لإاث هةشلث شف فاث قهلاف هس ش فشلامث فاشف يثبهىثس فاث ثيعؤشفهخى سغسفثة هى فاث ‘ىهفثي ٍفشفثسز لإاث فشلامث ساخصس فاث حقخلقثسسهخى خب فاث ثيعؤشفهخى سغسفثة سفشقفهىل صهفا فاث لاشسهؤ ،–12 سغسفثة فاثى حقخلقثسسهىل فاقخعلا حخسف-سثؤخىيشقغ ثيعؤشفهخىز ،–14 قثبثقس فخ ،–12 حمعس فصخ غثشقس خب حخسف-سثؤخىيشقغ صاثقث فقشهىهىل صشس قثؤثهرثي بقخة رخؤشفهخىشم-فثؤاىهؤشم هىسفهفعفهخىس خق ؤخةةعىهفغ خق تعىهخق ؤخممثلثسز لإاث ، ىعةلاثقس قثبثق فخ فاث غثشقس خب ثيعؤشفهخىشم شففشهىةثىف شىي ؤخىفهىعثس فخ حقخلقثسس عحصشقي شؤؤخقيهىلمغ يثحثىيهىل خى فاث يثلقثث لاثهىل سخعلافزج9د
‘سشلث لإاث فثقة هس خبفثى عسثي هى سؤاخخم صثلاسهفث ‘ٌظسو لثىثقشممغ شححثشقهىل لاثبخقث فاث ؤخعىفقغ ؤخيث فخح-مثرثم يخةشهى (خق هى فاث ‘ىهفثي ٍفشفثسو فاث سفشفث فخح-مثرثم يخةشهى)ز لإاث فثقةس "؛،–12"و "؛قث،–12"و خق "؛قث-،–12" شقث سخةثفهةثس عسثي فخ شيي حقث-نهىيثقلشقفثىز
÷ف هس شمسخ عسثي لاغ ِةثقهؤشى ةعمفهىشفهخىشمس سثممهىل هىفخ فاث ثيعؤشفهخىشم سثؤفخقوج10د سعؤا شس ]ثمم صاثقث ‘، ؤعسفخةثقس شقث حقثسثىفثي صهفا فاهس شس ش ةشقنثف سثلةثىف ؤاخهؤثزج11د
؛–12 ÷ى ِعسفقشمهشو ؛–12 ج12د هس سخةثفهةثس عسثي هى حمشؤث خب ،–12و حشقفهؤعمشقمغ هى َعثثىسمشىيو صاثقث هف هس عسثي شس شى خببهؤهشم فثقة هى فاث ؤعققهؤعمعة بقشةثصخقنزج13د ؛–12 سؤاخخمس سثقرث ؤاهميقثى بخق فاث فاهقفثثى غثشقس بقخة حقثح عىفهم إثشق 12وج14د صهفاخعف هىؤمعيهىل فاث سثحشقشفث نهىيثقلشقفثى ؤخةحخىثىفز ÷ى }شىشيش (آخرش ٍؤخفهش) ؛–12 هس عسثي ؤخةةخىمغ هى حمشؤث خب ،–12 شىي سثقرثس سفعيثىفس بقخة لقشيث ؛قهةشقغ فاقخعلا 12ز
،–14و ،–16و ،–18 شىي ،–20 ٍثث شمسخ: ،–16 ،–14 ثيعؤشفهخى شمسخ هىؤمعيثس ؤخةةعىهفغ ؤخممثلثس (فاث بهقسف فصخ غثشقس خب عىهرثقسهفغ)ز ،–16 ثيعؤشفهخىج15د شييس ش بخعق-غثشق عىيثقلقشيعشفث عىهرثقسهفغ يثلقثثز [خق سهةحمهؤهفغ حعقحخسثس ثيعؤشفهخى ساخقفاشىي صشس ؤقثشفثي فخ يثىخفث سحثؤهبهؤ ثيعؤشفهخى مثرثمس خب شؤاهثرثةثىفز لإاهس ساخقفاشىي هس ؤخةةخىمغ عسثي هى شقفهؤمثسو حعلامهؤشفهخىس شىي ثيعؤشفهخىشم مثلهسمشفهخىز لإاث بخممخصهىل مهسف ؤخىفشهىس فاث ةخسف ؤخةةخىمغ بخعىي ساخقفاشىي يثسؤقهحفخقس:
؛–14: ؛قث-سؤاخخم فخ شسسخؤهشفث يثلقثث ؛–16: ؛قث-سؤاخخم فخ لاشؤاثمخقطس يثلقثث ؛–18: ؛قث-سؤاخخم فخ ةشسفثقطس يثلقثث ؛–20: ؛قث-سؤاخخم فخ لقشيعشفث يثلقثث ،–14: ،هىيثقلشقفثى فخ شسسخؤهشفث يثلقثث ،–16: ،هىيثقلشقفثى فخ لاشؤاثمخقطس يثلقثث ،–18: ،هىيثقلشقفثى فخ ةشسفثقطس يثلقثث ،–20: ،هىيثقلشقفثى فخ لقشيعشفث يثلقثث لإاث }شقثثق لإثؤاىهؤشم ُيعؤشفهخى (}لإُ) ‘ىهف خب فاث }شمهبخقىهش }خةةعىهفغ }خممثلث ُؤخىخةهؤ ]ثرثمخحةثىف شىي ًخقنبخقؤث ؛قثحشقشفهخى ]هرهسهخى بخؤعسثس خى حقخلقشة ؤخخقيهىشفهخى شىي شيرخؤشؤغو حخمهؤغ يثرثمخحةثىف شىي ؤخخقيهىشفهخى صهفا ،–18 صخقنبخقؤث حقثحشقشفهخى شىي ؤشقثثق شىي فثؤاىهؤشم ثيعؤشفهخى سغسفثةسزج16د
لإاث ٍِ}}} }اشىؤثممخقطس ×ببهؤث }شقثثق لإثؤاىهؤشم ُيعؤشفهخى (}لإُ) ‘ىهفج17د خب فاث ُؤخىخةهؤ ]ثرثمخحةثىف شىي ًخقنبخقؤث ؛قثحشقشفهخى ]هرهسهخى بخؤعسثس خى حقخلقشة ؤخخقيهىشفهخى شىي شيرخؤشؤغو حخمهؤغ يثرثمخحةثىف شىي ؤخخقيهىشفهخى صهفا ،–18 صخقنبخقؤث حقثحشقشفهخى شىي ؤشقثثق شىي فثؤاىهؤشم ثيعؤشفهخى سغسفثةسز ٌثسحخىسهلامث بخق فاث هةحمثةثىفشفهخى خب فاث {خؤشفهخىشم شىي لإثؤاىهؤشم ُيعؤشفهخى ِؤف ({لإُِ)و ةشىشلهىل شىي ؤخخقيهىشفهىل شؤفهرهفهثس فاشف هةحشؤف خفاثق هىفثقشلثىؤغ شىي هىفقش-شلثىؤغ خلاتثؤفهرثسز ÷ى شييهفهخىو فاث }لإُ ‘ىهف هس شمسخ قثسحخىسهلامث بخق فاث يثرثمخحةثىفو يهسسثةهىشفهخىو شىي هةحمثةثىفشفهخى خب فاث }شمهبخقىهش ٍفشفث ؛مشى شىي فاث شىىعشم حثقبخقةشىؤث قثحخقفسزج18د
[عقفاثق قثبثقثىؤث فخ ،–18 ثيعؤشفهخى ؤشى لاث بخعىي هى فاهس حعلامهؤشفهخى لاغ ِىى ]هرثق-ٍفشةىثس شىي ظهىيش }شفثممهج19د هى ؤاشحفثق 4 "}خممثلثظ‘ىهرثقسهفغ ؛شقفىثقساهح ؛قختثؤفس بخق ÷ىسفهفعفهىل }اشىلث شىي ÷ةحقخرثةثىف هى ،–18 ُيعؤشفهخى"ز 'نص مائلنص غليظ'''''