نظام التصاريح الإسرائيلية في الضفة الغربية: الفرق بين النسختين

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نسخة 13:55، 1 مايو 2023

نظام التصاريح الإسرائيلي في الضفة الغربية هو النظام القانوني الذي يتطلب من الفلسطينيين الحصول على عدد من التصاريح المنفصلة من السلطات العسكرية الإسرائيلية التي تحكم الفلسطينيين في الضفة الغربية التي تحتلها إسرائيل لمجموعة واسعة من الأنشطة.^[1]^[2]^[أ] صدر الأمر العسكري الأول الذي يتطلب تصاريح من الفلسطينيين قبل نهاية حرب الأيام الستة عام 1967. قوبلت انتفاضتا 1987 و 2001 بتدابير أمنية متزايدة، وتمييز بطاقات الهوية إلى اللونين الأخضر والأحمر، وسياسات إغلاق القرى، وحظر التجول، والقيود الأكثر صرامة على حركة الفلسطينيين، مع استبدال تصريح الخروج العام لعام 1972 بالتصاريح الفردية. كان التبرير الإسرائيلي المعلن لنظام التصاريح الجديد هذا فيما يتعلق بالتحركات هو احتواء توسع الانتفاضات وحماية كل من جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي والمدنيين الإسرائيليين من المواجهات العسكرية مع الفلسطينيين المسلحين.^[3] توسع النظام منذ ذلك الحين ليشمل 101 نوعًا مختلفًا من التصاريح التي تغطي تقريبًا كل جانب من جوانب الحياة الفلسطينية،^[4]^[5] التي تحكم التنقلات في إسرائيل، في المستوطنات الإسرائيلية، والعبور بين غزة والضفة الغربية، والقدس، ومنطقة التماس والسفر إلى الخارج عبر الحدود الدولية.^[3] رفضت المحكمة الإسرائيلية العليا الالتماسات ضد نظام التصاريح، مما سمح بأنه يمس بشدة بحقوق السكان الفلسطينيين ولكن الضرر كان متناسبًا.^[6]

تم اعتباره مثالاً على التنميط العنصري من قبل علماء مثل رونيت لينتين وياعيل بيردا وآخرين،^[7] ^[8] ^[9] وقد وُصف النظام بأنه تعسفي وأنه حوّل حقوقًا مثل حرية التنقل إلى مجرد امتيازات يمكن أن تكون ممنوحة أو ملغاة من قبل السلطة العسكرية.^[5] شُبه النظام نفسه بقوانين المرور في جنوب إفريقيا في ظل نظام الفصل العنصري، ^[ب] ^[10] ^[11] ^[12] ^[7] حيث كتبت جينيفر لوينشتاين أن النظام "أكثر تعقيدًا ويُطبق بلا رحمة من نظام المرور لنظام الفصل العنصري".^[13] دافعت إسرائيل عن نظام التصاريح باعتباره ضروريًا لحماية الإسرائيليين في الضفة الغربية مما تصفه بالتهديدات المستمرة بهجمات المسلحين الفلسطينيين.^[14]

انظر أيضا

الملاحظات

^ "The most common permits are those allowing Palestinians to work in Israel, or in Jewish settlements in the West Bank. Over the decades, however, the permit regimen has grown into a vast, triple-digit bureaucracy." (Levinson 2011)
^ "Both South Africa and Israel have turned questions of land and 'demography' (to abide by the Israeli euphemism) into national obsessions, and have devised elaborate systems of repression and discrimination around them. Both view themselves as 'outposts of western civilization'; both are wont to claim Biblical justification and enjoy the support of organized religion domestically (though not unanimously); both are national security states with a broad emphasis on counterinsurgency and methods of psychological warfare. The parallels extend to the finer print as well, with South Africa's pass laws, and Israel's special IDs for Arabs (stamped with a 'B') and requirements for travel passes in the occupied territories." (Pieterse 1984, p. 65)

المراجع

المعلومات الكاملة للمراجع

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[3] "The most common permits are those allowing Palestinians to work in Israel, or in Jewish settlements in the West Bank. Over the decades, however, the permit regimen has grown into a vast, triple-digit bureaucracy." (Levinson 2011)

[11] "Both South Africa and Israel have turned questions of land and 'demography' (to abide by the Israeli euphemism) into national obsessions, and have devised elaborate systems of repression and discrimination around them. Both view themselves as 'outposts of western civilization'; both are wont to claim Biblical justification and enjoy the support of organized religion domestically (though not unanimously); both are national security states with a broad emphasis on counterinsurgency and methods of psychological warfare. The parallels extend to the finer print as well, with South Africa's pass laws, and Israel's special IDs for Arabs (stamped with a 'B') and requirements for travel passes in the occupied territories." (Pieterse 1984, p. 65)

[FOOTNOTEBerda2017a-1] Berda 2017a.

[FOOTNOTEGross2017-2] Gross 2017.

[FOOTNOTEAl-Qadi2018-4] أ ^ب Al-Qadi 2018.

[FOOTNOTELevinson2011-5] Levinson 2011.

[FOOTNOTEGordon2008a-6] أ ^ب Gordon 2008a.

[FOOTNOTECahanaKanonich2013-7] Cahana & Kanonich 2013.

[FOOTNOTEPeteet2017-8] أ ^ب Peteet 2017.

[FOOTNOTEAbowd2014-9] Abowd 2014.

[FOOTNOTELentin2018-10] Lentin 2018.

[FOOTNOTEClarno2017-12] Clarno 2017.

[FOOTNOTEBen-NaftaliSfardViterbo2018-13] Ben-Naftali, Sfard & Viterbo 2018.

[FOOTNOTEEssedFarquharsonPillayWhite2018-14] Essed et al. 2018.

[FOOTNOTELoewenstein2006-15] Loewenstein 2006.

[FOOTNOTELaubDaraghmeh2018-16] Laub & Daraghmeh 2018.

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@@ سطر 12: / سطر 12: @@
 == الملاحظات ==
 {{ملاحظات}}
+== المراجع ==
 === اقتباسات ===
 {{مراجع|20em}}
-== المعلومات الكاملة للمراجع ==
+=== المعلومات الكاملة للمراجع ===
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Colonial Jerusalem: The Spatial Construction of Identity and Difference in a City of Myth, 1948-2012|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-815-65261-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0IwDwAAQBAJ|last=Abowd|first=Thomas Philip}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Israeli Permit Regime: Realities and Challenges|publisher=[[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]]|year=2018|url=https://www.arij.org/publications/special-reports/special-reports-2018/the-israeli-permit-regime-realities-and-challenges-this/|last=Al-Qadi|first=Nasser}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The One-State Condition: Occupation and Democracy in Israel/Palestine|last1=Azoulay|first1=Ariella|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8047-8433-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCj0f3EYbkEC|series=Stanford Studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic Societies and Cultures|last2=Ophir|first2=Adi|translator=Tal Haran}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory|last1=Ben-Naftali|first1=Orna|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2018|isbn=978-1-107-15652-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Is5TDwAAQBAJ|last2=Sfard|first2=Michael|last3=Viterbo|first3=Hedi|author2-link=Michael Sfard}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Living Emergency: Israel's Permit Regime in the Occupied West Bank|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2017b|isbn=978-1-5036-0529-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1lHDwAAQBAJ|last=Berda|first=Yael}}
+*{{cite web|url=https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2017/11/israels-expanding-permit-regime.html|title=Israel's Expanding Permit Regime|date=16 November 2017a|publisher=Stanford University Press Blog|access-date=7 April 2019|last=Berda|first=Yael}}
+*{{Cite news|title=A Palestinian's daily commute through an Israeli checkpoint|last1=Booth|first1=William|last2=Taha|first2=Sufian|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/occupied/checkpoint/|date=25 May 2017|access-date=25 April 2019}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Crossing the Green Line Between the West Bank and Israel|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-812-21793-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8OVB4C-O3MC|last=Bornstein|first=Avram S.}}
+*{{Cite journal|title=Powers of Illegality: House Demolitions and Resistance in East Jerusalem|last=Braverman|first=Irus|author-link=Irus Braverman|journal=[[Law and Social Inquiry]]|date=Spring 2007|volume=32|issue=2|pages=333–372|url=https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/331|doi=10.1111/j.1747-4469.2007.00062.x|jstor=20108706|s2cid=145121175}}
+*{{Cite journal|title="The Tree Is the Enemy Soldier": A Sociolegal Making of War Landscapes in the Occupied West Bank|last=Braverman|first=Irus|author-link=Irus Braverman|journal=[[Law & Society Review]]|date=September 2008|volume=42|issue=3|pages=449–482|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00348.x|jstor=29734134}}
+*{{Cite journal|title=Uprooting Identities: The Regulation of Olive Trees in the Occupied West Bank|last=Braverman|first=Irus|author-link=Irus Braverman|journal=[[Political and Legal Anthropology Review]]|date=November 2009|volume=32|issue=2|pages=237–264|url=https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/319|doi=10.1111/j.1555-2934.2009.01061.x|jstor=24497464}}
+*{{Cite book|title=A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011|page=[https://archive.org/details/highpricetriumph0000byma/page/168 168]|isbn=978-151139680-6|url=https://archive.org/details/highpricetriumph0000byma|via=[[Internet Archive]]|url-access=registration|last=Byman|first=Daniel}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Permit Regime Human Rights Violations in West Bank Areas Known as the "Seam Zone"|last1=Cahana|first1=Aelad|publisher=[[HaMoked]]|isbn=978-9-657-62501-9|url=http://www.hamoked.org/files/2013/1157660_eng.pdf|date=March 2013|last2=Kanonich|first2=Yonatan|translator=Maya Johnston}}
+*{{cite book|title=Neoliberal Apartheid: Palestine/Israel and South Africa After 1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-226-43009-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5UtDwAAQBAJ|last=Clarno|first=Andy}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Way to the Spring: Life and Death in Palestine|publisher=[[Granta Books]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-783-78312-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvDlCgAAQBAJ|last=Ehrenreich|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Ehrenreich}}
+*{{cite book|title=Relating Worlds of Racism: Dehumanisation, Belonging, and the Normativity of European Whiteness|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2018|isbn=978-3-319-78990-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml5qDwAAQBAJ|editor1-last=Essed|editor1-first=Philomena|editor2-last=Farquharson|editor2-first=Karen|editor3-last=Pillay|editor3-first=Kathryn|editor4-last=White|editor4-first=Elisa Joy}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Political Awakenings: Conversations with History|publisher=[[Zed Books]]|year=2015|pages=161–189|isbn=978-178360592-7|editor-last=Pappé|editor-first=Ilan|editor-link=Ilan Pappé|chapter=Apartheid, Israel and Palestinian Statehood|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohJkDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|last=Farsakh|first=Leila|author-link=Leila Farsakh}}
+*{{cite book|title=Gaza: A History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-020191-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_hzBAAAQBAJ|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre}}
+*{{Cite news|title=Smugglers in West Bank Open Door to Jobs in Israel, and Violence|last1=Glanz|first1=James|last2=Nazzal|first2=Rami|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/world/middleeast/west-bank-israel-palestinians-smugglers.html|date=20 June 2016}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Israel's occupation|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008a|isbn=978-0-520-25531-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RX7t4X8_RMC|last=Gordon|first=Neve|author-link=Neve Gordon}}
+*{{Cite journal|title=From Colonization to Separation: exploring the structure of Israel's occupation|last=Gordon|first=Neve|author-link=Neve Gordon|journal=Third World Quarterly|year=2008b|volume=29|issue=1|pages=25–44|doi=10.1080/01436590701726442|issn=0143-6597|s2cid=145554435}}
+*{{Cite book|title=The Writing on the Wall: Rethinking the International Law of Occupation|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-107-14596-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFxEDgAAQBAJ|last=Gross|first=Aeyal}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2010|pages=259–274|isbn=978-1-136-93097-3|editor1-last=Zureik|editor1-first=Elia|chapter=Exclusionary surveillance and spatial uncertainty in the occupied Palestinian territories|editor2-last=Lyon|editor2-first=David|editor3-last=Abu-Laban|editor3-first=Yasmeen|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlUuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|last=Handel|first=Ariel}}
+*{{Cite book|title=Political Awakenings: Conversations with History|publisher=[[The New Press]]|year=2010|pages=101–119|isbn=978-1-595-58552-3|editor-last=Kreisler|editor-first=Harry|editor-link=Harry Kreisler|chapter=Seeking Truth|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWhtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|last=Hass|first=Amira|author-link=Amira Hass}}
+*{{Cite news|title=Israel Seeks to Deport to Brazil Man Who Has Lived Almost Entire Life in West Bank|last=Hass|first=Amira|author-link=Amira Hass|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/.premium-israel-seeks-to-deport-to-brazil-man-who-has-lived-almost-entire-life-in-west-bank-1.6552203|date=13 October 2018}}
+*{{Cite news|title=When Freud Visits Israel's Civil Administration in the West Bank|last=Hass|first=Amira|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-when-freud-visits-israel-s-civil-administration-in-the-west-bank-1.6832682|date=14 January 2019|access-date=9 April 2019}}
+*{{Cite news|title=Israeli Soldiers Kill an 11-year-old Palestinian, and His Brother Still Hears the Shooting|last=Hass|first=Amira|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-israeli-soldiers-kill-11-year-old-palestinian-his-brother-still-hears-the-shooting-1.10097613|date=8 August 2021|access-date=8 August 2021}}
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+*{{cite web|url=http://archive.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_the_humanitarian_monitor_2010_04_english.pdf|title=The Humanitarian Monitor: OPT (April 2010) - OCHA report|date=20 May 2010|publisher=OCHA oPt|ref={{harvid|OCHA oPt|2010}}}}
+*{{Cite news|title=Israel: 50 Years of Occupation Abuses|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/04/israel-50-years-occupation-abuses|date=4 June 2017|ref={{harvid|HRW|2017}}}}
+*{{Cite news|title=In West Bank, 99.7% of Public Land Grants by Israel Go to Settlers|last=Kershner|first=Isabel|author-link=Isabel Kershner|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/17/world/middleeast/west-bank-public-land-israel-palestinians.html|date=17 July 2018}}
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+*{{Cite news|title=For Palestinians, Israeli permits a complex tool of control|last1=Laub|first1=Karin|last2=Daraghmeh|first2=Mohammed|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://apnews.com/7cfac1e5441747da841e51fdf3851460|date=30 April 2018|access-date=20 April 2019}}
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+*{{cite news|title=How the Shin Bet got unlimited power to decide which Palestinians are allowed into Israel|last=Littman|first=Shany|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|url=http://www.haaretz.com/misc/article-print-page/.premium.MAGAZINE-how-the-shin-bet-got-unlimited-power-to-bar-palestinians-from-israel-1.5994535|date=12 April 2018}}
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+{{refend}}
 [[تصنيف:الضفة الغربية]]