خدمات مالية

الخدمات المالية هي عبارة عن خدمات اقتصادية تؤديها المؤسسات المالية التي تشمل طائفة واسعة من المؤسسات التي تدير الاموال بما فيها [الاتحادات الائتمانية والبنوك وشركات بطاقات الائتمان وشركات التأمين وشركات التمويل وشركات المضاربة المالية وشركات إدارة الاستثمارات وبعض الشركات التي تمولها الحكومات. حسب إحصائيات عام 2004، مثّل قطاع الخدمات المالية حوالي 20% من القيمة السوقية للشركات المدرجة في مؤشر إس و بي 500 في الولايات المتحدة.

تاريخ الخدمات المالية

The term "financial services" became more prevalent in the United States partly as a result of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of the late 1990s, which enabled different types of companies operating in the U.S. financial services industry at that time to merge.

Companies usually have two distinct approaches to this new type of business. One approach would be a bank which simply buys an insurance company or an investment bank, keeps the original brands of the acquired firm, and adds the acquisition to its holding company simply to diversify its earnings. Outside the U.S. (e.g., in Japan), non-financial services companies are permitted within the holding company. In this scenario, each company still looks independent, and has its own customers, etc. In the other style, a bank would simply create its own brokerage division or insurance division and attempt to sell those products to its own existing customers, with incentives for combining all things with one company.

البنوك

مقال تفصيلي :Bank

البنك التجاري هو ببساطة بنك. يستخدم مصطلح تجاري لتمييزه عن البنوك الاستثمارية، وهو مؤسسة تقدم الخدمات المالية بدلاً من إقراض المال مباشرة لأصحاب الأعمال التجارية، وهو يساعد الأعمال على جمع الأموال من مؤسسات أخرى على هيئة سندات مالية (قرض) أو أسهم (حقوق مساهمين).

الخدمات البنكية

تتضمن العمليات البنكية الأساسية ما يلي:

• Keeping money safe while also allowing withdrawals when needed
• Issuance of checkbooks so that bills can be paid and other kinds of payments can be delivered by post
• Provide personal loans, commercial loans, and mortgage loans (typically loans to purchase a home, property or business)
• Issuance of credit cards and processing of credit card transactions and billing
• Issuance of debit cards for use as a substitute for checks
• Allow financial transactions at branches or by using Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)
• Provide wire transfers of funds and Electronic fund transfers between banks
• Facilitation of standing orders and direct debits, so payments for bills can be made automatically
• Provide overdraft agreements for the temporary advancement of the Bank's own money to meet monthly spending commitments of a customer in their current account.
• Provide internet banking system to facilitate the customers to view and operate their respective accounts through internet.
• Provide Charge card advances of the Bank's own money for customers wishing to settle credit advances monthly.
• Provide a check guaranteed by the Bank itself and prepaid by the customer, such as a cashier's check or certified check.
• Notary service for financial and other documents
• Accepting the deposits from customer and provide the credit facilities to them.

أنواع خدمات بنكية أخرى

توفر البنوك الخاصة غالباً العديد من الخدمات الشخصية، كإدراة الثروات والتخطيط الضريبي أكثر مما توفره البنوك العادية.

• الخدمات البنكية الخاصة - توفر البنوك الخاصة خدمات بنكية خاصة للأفراد من أصحاب الثروات. تتطلب العديد من شركات الخدمات المالية أن يقدم الفرد أو العائلة حداً أدنى معين من الثورة ليكون مؤهلاً للحصول على الخدمات البنكية الخاصة.
• بنك رأسمالي- البنك الذي يضمن الديون والأسهم، ويشهد على صفقات الشركات المالية (خدمات استشارية، مقابل رسوم استشارات وضمان)، وتعمل هذه البنوك على تحويل الديون إلى منتجات مالية أعيدت هيكلتها.
• البطاقات البنكية - تتضمن بطاقات الائتمان و بطاقات المدين. يعتبر بنك أمريكا أكبر بنك مُصدِر للبطاقات البنكية^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}.
• خدمات وشبكات آلات بطاقات الائتمان- تسمى الشركات التي توفر آلات بطاقات الاثتمان وشبكات الدفع بـ "مزوّدي بطاقات التجار".

خدمات تبديل العملات

توفر العديد من البنوك خدمات تبديل العملات. وتتضمن هذه الخدمات ما يلي:

• صرافة العملات - حيث يشتري العملاء ويبيعون العملات الأجنبية.
• الخدمات البنكية بالعملات الأجنبية - حيث تتم كافة العمليات البنكية بالعملة الأجنبية.
• الحوالات المصرفية - حيث يمكن للعملاء إرسال الأموال إلى بنوك خارجية حول العالم.

خدمات الاستثمار

• إدارة الاستثمار أو إدارة الأصول - مصطلح يصف الشركات التي تدير "صندوق أستثمار جماعي]]. كما يستخدم للدلالة على الخدمات التي توفرها شركات أخرى تكون مسجّلَة في هيئة الأوراق المالية كمستشار استثمارات معتمد.
• إدارة المحافظ الوقائية - غالباً ما تستعين المحفظة بأقسام السمسرة في البنوك الاستثمارية لتنفيذ عملياتها التجارية.
• خدمات الوصاية (الرعاية) - الحفظ الآمن وعمليات الصفقات المالية وخدمات المحافظ المالية. تبلغ قيمة الأصول تحت الوصاية في العالم حوالي 100 ترليون دولار أمريكي .

Insurance

مقال تفصيلي :Insurance

• Insurance brokerage - Insurance brokers shop for insurance (generally corporate property and casualty insurance) on behalf of customers. Recently a number of websites have been created to give consumers basic price comparisons for services such as insurance, causing controversy within the industry.
• Insurance underwriting - Personal lines insurance underwriters actually underwrite insurance for individuals, a service still offered primarily through agents, insurance brokers, and stock brokers. Underwriters may also offer similar commercial lines of coverage for businesses. Activities include insurance and annuities, life insurance, retirement insurance, health insurance, and property & casualty insurance.
• Reinsurance - Reinsurance is insurance sold to insurers themselves, to protect them from catastrophic losses.

Other financial services

• Intermediation or advisory services - These services involve stock brokers (private client services) and discount brokers. Stock brokers assist investors in buying or selling shares. Primarily internet-based companies are often referred to as discount brokerages, although many now have branch offices to assist clients. These brokerages primarily target individual investors. Full service and private client firms primarily assist and execute trades for clients with large amounts of capital to invest, such as large companies, wealthy individuals, and investment management funds.
• Private equity - Private equity funds are typically closed-end funds, which usually take controlling equity stakes in businesses that are either private, or taken private once acquired. Private equity funds often use leveraged buyouts (LBOs) to acquire the firms in which they invest. The most successful private equity funds can generate returns significantly higher than provided by the equity markets
• Venture capital is a type of private equity capital typically provided by professional, outside investors to new, high-potential-growth companies in the interest of taking the company to an IPO or trade sale of the business.
• Angel investment - An angel investor or angel (known as a business angel or informal investor in Europe), is an affluent individual who provides capital for a business start-up, usually in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity. A small but increasing number of angel investors organize themselves into angel groups or angel networks to share research and pool their investment capital.
• Conglomerates - A financial services conglomerate is a financial services firm that is active in more than one sector of the financial services market e.g. life insurance, general insurance, health insurance, asset management, retail banking, wholesale banking, investment banking, etc. A key rationale for the existence of such businesses is the existence of diversification benefits that are present when different types of businesses are aggregated i.e. bad things don't always happen at the same time. As a consequence, economic capital for a conglomerate is usually substantially less than economic capital is for the sum of its parts.
• Debt resolution is a consumer service that assists individuals that have too much debt to pay off as requested, but do not want to file bankruptcy and wish to pay off their debts owed. This debt can be accrued in various ways including but not limited to personal loans, credit cards or in some cases merchant accounts. There are many services/companies that can assist with this.

Financial crime

UK

Fraud within the financial industry costs the UK (regulated by the FSA) an estimated £14bn a year and it is believed a further £25bn is laundered by British institutions.

Market share

The financial services industry constitutes the largest group of companies in the world in terms of earnings and equity market capitalization. However it is not the largest category in terms of revenue or number of employees. It is also a slow growing and extremely fragmented industry, with the largest company (Citigroup), only having a 3% US market share. In contrast, the largest home improvement store in the US, Home Depot, has a 30% market share, and the largest coffee house Starbucks has a 32% market share.

طالع أيضاً

• فضائح مالية
• خدمات مالية بديلة
• الخدمات المالية والمصرفية والتأمين
• المائدة المستديرة للخدمات المالية الأوروبية
• محلل مالي
• مزود بيانات مالية
• أسواق مالية
• ضريبة المعاملات المالية
• Financialization
• صندوق النقد الدولي
• إدارة الاستثمار
• قوائم البنوك
• List of countries by credit rating
• List of investment banks
• Misleading financial analysis
• Thomson Financial League Tables

المراجع

Further reading

• Porteous,Bruce T.

Pradip Tapadar (December 2005). Economic Capital and Financial Risk Management for Financial Services Firms and Conglomerates. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-3608-0.

روابط خارجية

• دور قطاع الخدمات المالية في زيادة الفرص الاقتصادية | تقرير من إعداد كريستوفر ساتون وبيث جانكيز| جامعة جون كينيدي الحكومية| جامعة هارفارد
• ما هي الاستشارات المالية
• ما هو عمل مستشار الإدارة المالية؟