سوريا فلسطين

	إحداثيات: 32°30′N 34°54′E / 32.5°N 34.9°E
البلد	الإمبراطورية الرومانية
التقسيم الإداري	مقاطعة
حاليا جزء من	سوريا; الأردن; لبنان; فلسطين;
العاصمة	أنطاكية (مدينة تاريخية)
لغة المنطقة	اليونانية العامية المختلطة، لغة آرامية، لغة لاتينية، لغة عبرية
الفترة الزمنية	كلاسيكية قديمة
	تعديل مصدري - تعديل

سوريا فلسطين (أو فلسطين الرومانية)، كانت مقاطعة رومانية في منطقة فلسطين بين أوائل القرن الثاني وأواخر القرن الرابع الميلادي. وكانت عاصمة المقاطعة قيسارية ماريتيما. أنشأها الإمبراطور هادريان عام 135 م على أثر التمرد الذي قاده «شمعون بار كوخبا» في يهودا في فلسطين.^[1]^[2]^[3]

نبذة

كانت يهودا مقاطعة رومانية ضمت مناطق يهودا والسامرة وإدوم، وامتدت على أجزاء من الأراضي السابقة لمملكتي الحشمونائيم والهيروديين في يهودا. تم تسميتها على اسم حكم هيرودس أرخيلاوس الرباعي في اليهودية، لكن المقاطعة الرومانية ضمت مساحة أكبر بكثير. اسم "يهودا" مشتق من مملكة يهوذا في القرن السادس قبل الميلاد.

بعد عزل هيرودس أرخيلاوس في عام 6 م، أصبحت يهودا تحت الحكم الروماني المباشر،^[4] وخلال هذه الفترة منح الحاكم الروماني سلطة العقوبة بالإعدام. بدأ أيضًا فرض الضرائب على عامة السكان من قبل روما.^[5] ومع ذلك، احتفظ الزعماء اليهود بسلطة تقديرية واسعة فيما يتعلق بالشؤون داخل اليهودية.^[6] انقسمت المملكة الهيرودية إلى أنظمة رباعية في عام 6 بعد الميلاد، وتم استيعابها تدريجيًا في المقاطعات الرومانية، مع ضم سوريا الرومانية إلى إيتوريا وتراخونيتس. نقلت عاصمة مقاطعة يهودا من القدس إلى قيصرية ماريتيما، والتي، وفقًا للمؤرخ حاييم هليل بن ساسون كانت العاصمة الإدارية للمنطقة بدءًا من عام 6 م.^[7]

تاريخ

خلال القرنين الأول والثاني، أصبحت منطقة يهودا مركزًا لسلسلة من التمردات اليهودية واسعة النطاق الفاشلة ضد روما، والتي عُرفت باسم الحروب اليهودية الرومانية. أدى القمع الروماني لهذه الثورات إلى دمار واسع النطاق، وخسائر فادحة في الأرواح والاستعباد. وأسفرت الحرب اليهودية الرومانية الأولى (66-73) عن تدمير أورشليم والهيكل الثاني.^[8] وبعد جيلين، اندلعت ثورة بار كوخبا (132-136). تعرض ريف يهودا للدمار، وقُتل العديد منهم أو شردوا أو بيعوا كعبيد.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] تضاءل الوجود اليهودي في المنطقة بصورة ملحوظة بعد فشل ثورة بار كوخبا.^[13] بعد قمع ثورة بار كوخبا، أعيد بناء القدس كمستعمرة رومانية تحت اسم إيليا كابيتولينا، وتم تغيير اسم مقاطعة يهودا إلى سوريا فلسطين.^[14]^[15]

انظر أيضًا

الجدول الزمني لاسم "فلسطين"

مراجع

^ Élie Barnavi؛ Miriam Eliav-Feldon؛ Denis Charbit (2002). A historical atlas of the Jewish people: from the time of the patriarchs to the present. Schocken Books. ص. 68. ISBN:978-0-8052-4226-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-06-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-06-28.
^ Thomas A. Idniopulos (1998). "Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine From Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-07-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-08-11.
^ The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered by Peter Schäfer, (ردمك 3-16-148076-7) نسخة محفوظة 27 فبراير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ Haensch، Rudolf (19 أغسطس 2010). "The Roman Provincial Administration". في Catherine Hezser (المحرر). The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine. OUP Oxford. ص. 2. ISBN:978-0-19-921643-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-31.
^ Josephus, الحرب اليهودية (كتاب) (Wars of the Jews) 2.8.1. نسخة محفوظة 2023-10-31 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ Hitchcock، James (2012). History of the Catholic Church : from the Apostolic Age to the Third Millennium. Ignatius Press. ص. 22. ISBN:978-1-58617-664-8. OCLC:796754060. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-19.
^ A History of the Jewish People, H. H. Ben-Sasson editor, 1976, page 247: "When Judea was converted into a Roman province [in 6 AD, page 246], Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the hellenistic cities (Sebaste, Caesarea and others)."
^ Westwood، Ursula (1 أبريل 2017). "A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74". Journal of Jewish Studies. ج. 68 ع. 1: 189–193. DOI:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. ISSN:0022-2097. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-11-02.
^ Taylor، J. E. (15 نوفمبر 2012). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN:978-0-19-955448-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-11-08. These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 AD, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction
^ Werner Eck, "Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen," Novum Testamentum 55 (2013): 1–21
^ Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021). "Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?". Journal of Roman Archaeology (بالإنجليزية). 34 (2): 585–607. DOI:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN:1047-7594. S2CID:245512193. Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.
^ Mor، Menahem (18 أبريل 2016). The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. ص. 483–484. DOI:10.1163/9789004314634. ISBN:978-90-04-31463-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-02. Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.
^ Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.
^ Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." (ردمك 978-0-89236-800-6)
^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, (ردمك 978-0-674-39731-6), page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."

هذه بذرة مقالة عن تاريخ سوريا بحاجة للتوسيع. فضلًا شارك في تحريرها.

[1] Élie Barnavi؛ Miriam Eliav-Feldon؛ Denis Charbit (2002). A historical atlas of the Jewish people: from the time of the patriarchs to the present. Schocken Books. ص. 68. ISBN:978-0-8052-4226-3. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2019-06-08. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-06-28.

[2] Thomas A. Idniopulos (1998). "Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine From Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti". The New York Times. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2016-07-24. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-08-11.

[3] The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered by Peter Schäfer, (ردمك 3-16-148076-7) نسخة محفوظة 27 فبراير 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[4] Haensch، Rudolf (19 أغسطس 2010). "The Roman Provincial Administration". في Catherine Hezser (المحرر). The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine. OUP Oxford. ص. 2. ISBN:978-0-19-921643-7. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-31.

[5] Josephus, الحرب اليهودية (كتاب) (Wars of the Jews) 2.8.1. نسخة محفوظة 2023-10-31 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[6] Hitchcock، James (2012). History of the Catholic Church : from the Apostolic Age to the Third Millennium. Ignatius Press. ص. 22. ISBN:978-1-58617-664-8. OCLC:796754060. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-04-19.

[7] A History of the Jewish People, H. H. Ben-Sasson editor, 1976, page 247: "When Judea was converted into a Roman province [in 6 AD, page 246], Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the hellenistic cities (Sebaste, Caesarea and others)."

[:4-8] Westwood، Ursula (1 أبريل 2017). "A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74". Journal of Jewish Studies. ج. 68 ع. 1: 189–193. DOI:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. ISSN:0022-2097. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-11-02.

[Taylor-9] Taylor، J. E. (15 نوفمبر 2012). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN:978-0-19-955448-5. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-11-08. These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 AD, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction

[10] Werner Eck, "Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen," Novum Testamentum 55 (2013): 1–21

[11] Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021). "Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?". Journal of Roman Archaeology (بالإنجليزية). 34 (2): 585–607. DOI:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN:1047-7594. S2CID:245512193. Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.

[:02-12] Mor، Menahem (18 أبريل 2016). The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. ص. 483–484. DOI:10.1163/9789004314634. ISBN:978-90-04-31463-4. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-12-02. Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.

[13] Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.

[Ariel_Lewin_p._33-14] Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." (ردمك 978-0-89236-800-6)

[H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_3342-15] H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, (ردمك 978-0-674-39731-6), page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."

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