قائمة بالحروب والكوارث البشرية حسب عدد القتلى: الفرق بين النسختين
Ahmed Mandour (نقاش | مساهمات) أُنشئَت بترجمة الصفحة "List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll" |
(لا فرق)
|
نسخة 07:55، 13 مارس 2017
هذه هي قائمة من الحروب و الكوارث البشرية حسب عدد القتلى. حيث تغطي أقل تقدير للموتي وكذلك أعلى تقدير و اسم الحدث و موقع و بداية ونهاية كل حال. بعض الأحداث قد تنتمي إلى أكثر من فئة واحدة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك, بعض الأحداث تتداخل مع بعضها البعض .
الحروب والصراعات المسلحة والتي أعلى تقدير للخسائر فيها 1,000,000 أو أكثر
هذه الأرقام تمثل الوفايات الأكثر من واحد مليون والتي تشمل الوفيات من المدنيين من الأمراض والمجاعة ، وما إلى ذلك ، فضلا عن مقتل الجنود في المعركة والمجازر والإبادة الجماعية.
Geom. mean estimate[1] | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Location | From | To | Duration (years) | Notes, See also |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
74٬330٬344[2] | 65٬000٬000[3] | 85٬000٬000[4] | World War II | Worldwide | 1٬939 | 1٬945 | 70006030000000000006 years and 1 day | World War II casualties (includes worldwide Holocaust and concentration camps deaths). Estimates include the Second Sino-Japanese War. |
44٬721٬360 | 20٬000٬000[5] | 100٬000٬000[6][7][8] | Taiping Rebellion | China | 1٬851 | 7003186400000000000♠1864 | 7001140000000000000♠14 | Inspired by Hong Xiuquan; see also Dungan Revolt, a Muslim rebellion. |
7007379473320000000♠37,947,332 | 7007360000000000000♠36,000,000[9] | 7007400000000000000♠40,000,000[10] | Three Kingdoms War | China | 7002184000000000000♠184 | 7002280000000000000♠280 | 7001960000000000000♠96 | End of the Han dynasty |
7007346410160000000♠34,641,016 | 7007300000000000000♠30,000,000[11] | 7007400000000000000♠40,000,000 | Mongol conquests | Eurasia | 7003120600000000000♠1206 | 7003136800000000000♠1368 | 7002163000000000000♠163 | Mongol Empire, Destruction under the Mongol Empire |
7007340470260000000♠34,047,026 | 7006840000000000000♠8,400,000[12] | 7008138000000000000♠138,000,000[13] | European colonization of the Americas | Americas | 7003149200000000000♠1492 | 7003169100000000000♠1691 | 7002199000000000000♠199 | Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined.[ا] |
7007250000000000000♠25,000,000 | 7007250000000000000♠25,000,000[18] | 7007250000000000000♠25,000,000 | Qing dynasty conquest of the Ming dynasty | China | 7003161800000000000♠1618 | 7003168300000000000♠1683 | 7001650000000000000♠65 | Qing dynasty |
7007207700000000000♠20,770,000 | 7007207700000000000♠20,770,000 | 7007207700000000000♠20,770,000 | Dungan Revolt | Gansu and Shaanxi, China | 1862 | 1877 | 7001150000000000000♠15 | Du Wenxiu Rebellion |
7007183847760000000♠18,384,776 | 7007130000000000000♠13,000,000[19] | 7007360000000000000♠36,000,000[20] | An Lushan Rebellion | China | 7002755000000000000♠755 | 7002763000000000000♠763 | 7000900000000000000♠9 | Medieval warfare |
7007177482390000000♠17,748,239 | 7007150000000000000♠15,000,000[21] | 7007210000000000000♠21,000,000 | World War I | Worldwide | 7003191400000000000♠1914 | 7003191800000000000♠1918 | 7000426999999999999♠4 years, 3 months, 1 week | World War I casualties Does not include worldwide Spanish flu deaths. |
7007170000000000000♠17,000,000 | 7007170000000000000♠17,000,000 | 7007170000000000000♠17,000,000 | Conquest of Timur | Central, East and South Asia | 1400s | 1500s | 7001350000000000000♠35 | 17 Million people or 5% of the world's population at the time.[22][23] |
7006800000000000000♠8,000,000 | 7006800000000000000♠8,000,000[24] | 7006800000000000000♠8,000,000 | Chinese Civil War | China | 7003192700000000000♠1927 | 7003194900000000000♠1949 | 7001220000000000000♠22 | List of civil wars |
7006670820400000000♠6,708,204 | 7006500000000000000♠5,000,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 7006900000000000000♠9,000,000[25] | Russian Civil War | Russia | 7003191700000000000♠1917 | 7003192100000000000♠1921 | 7000500000000000000♠5 | Russian Revolution, List of civil wars |
7006800000000000000♠8,000,000 | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 7007115000000000000♠11,500,000[26] | Thirty Years' War | Holy Roman Empire, Europe | 7003161800000000000♠1618 | 7003164800000000000♠1648 | 7001300000000000000♠30 | Initially a religious war between Catholics and Protestants, became a general European political war. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history. |
7006494974700000000♠4,949,747 | 7006350000000000000♠3,500,000 [بحاجة لمصدر] |
7006700000000000000♠7,000,000[27] | Napoleonic Wars | Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean | 7003180300000000000♠1803 | 7003181500000000000♠1815 | 7001130000000000000♠13 | Napoleonic Wars casualties |
7006458257600000000♠4,582,576 | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000 | 7006700000000000000♠7,000,000[28] | Yellow Turban Rebellion | China | 7002184000000000000♠184 | 7002205000000000000♠205 | 7001220000000000000♠22 | Part of Three Kingdoms War |
7006367423500000000♠3,674,235 | 7006250000000000000♠2,500,000[29] | 7006540000000000000♠5,400,000[30] | Second Congo War | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 7003199800000000000♠1998 | 7003200300000000000♠2003 | 7000600000000000000♠6 | First Congo War |
7006282842700000000♠2,828,427 | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000 | 7006400000000000000♠4,000,000[31] | French Wars of Religion | France | 7003156200000000000♠1562 | 7003159800000000000♠1598 | 7001370000000000000♠37 | Largely a religious war between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) |
7006275499500000000♠2,754,995 | 7006230000000000000♠2,300,000[32] | 7006330000000000000♠3,300,000[33] | Hundred Years' War | Western Europe | 7003133700000000000♠1337 | 7003145300000000000♠1453 | 7002116000000000000♠116 | Edwardian War (1337–1360), Caroline War (1369–1389), Lancastrian War (1415–53) |
7006173205100000000♠1,732,051 | 7006150000000000000♠1,500,000 | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000[34] | Shaka's conquests | Southern Africa | 7003181600000000000♠1816 | 7003182800000000000♠1828 | 7001130000000000000♠13 | Ndwandwe–Zulu War |
7006173205100000000♠1,732,051 | 7006150000000000000♠1,500,000 | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000 | War in Afghanistan | Afghanistan | 7003197900000000000♠1979 | 7003200000000000000♠2000 | 7001220000000000000♠22 | Soviet–Afghan War, Taliban era. Death toll estimates through 1999 (2M) and 2000 (1.5M and 2M). |
7006173205100000000♠1,732,051 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | Nigerian Civil War | Nigeria | 7003196600000000000♠1966 | 7003197000000000000♠1970 | 7000400000000000000♠4 | Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War. |
7006173205100000000♠1,732,051 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000[35] | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000[36] | Crusades | Holy Land, Europe | 7003109500000000000♠1095 | 7003129100000000000♠1291 | 7002197000000000000♠197 | Christian military excursions against the Muslim Conquests. |
7006154919300000000♠1,549,193 | 7005800000000000000♠800,000[37] | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000[38] | Vietnam War | Southeast Asia | 7003195500000000000♠1955 | 7003197500000000000♠1975 | 7001210000000000000♠21 | Cold War and First Indochina War |
7006152069100000000♠1,520,691 | 7006125000000000000♠1,250,000[39] | 7006185000000000000♠1,850,000 | Punic Wars | Mediterranean | 2997736000000000000♠264 BC | 2997854000000000000♠146 BC | 7002118000000000000♠118 | Carthage, Roman Republic |
7006141421400000000♠1,414,214 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000[40] | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000 | Second Sudanese Civil War | Sudan | 7003198300000000000♠1983 | 7003200500000000000♠2005 | 7001230000000000000♠23 | First Sudanese Civil War |
7006134164100000000♠1,341,641 | 7005400000000000000♠400,000[41] | 7006450000000000000♠4,500,000 | Korean War | Korean Peninsula | 7003195000000000000♠1950 | 7003195300000000000♠1953 | 7000400000000000000♠4 | Categorized as part of the Cold War. |
7006134164100000000♠1,341,641 | 7006120000000000000♠1,200,000 | 7006150000000000000♠1,500,000 | Warring States period | China | 475 B.C. | 221 B.C. | 255 | [42][43] |
7006109544500000000♠1,095,445 | 7005600000000000000♠600,000[44] | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000 | Soviet–Afghan War | Afghanistan | 7003198000000000000♠1980 | 7003198800000000000♠1988 | 7000900000000000000♠9 | Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War. |
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | Japanese invasions of Korea | Korea | 1592 | 1598 | 7 | [45] |
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7005890000000000000♠890,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 7005890000000000000♠- | Du Wenxiu Rebellion | China | 7003185600000000000♠1856 | 7003187300000000000♠1873 | 7001180000000000000♠18 | |
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000[46] | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000 | Mexican Revolution | Mexico, United States | 7003191100000000000♠1911 | 7003192000000000000♠1920 | 7001100000000000000♠10 | Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid. |
7005948683000000000♠948,683 | 7005900000000000000♠900,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | Gallic Wars | France | 2998420000000000000♠58 BC | 2998500000000000000♠50 BC | 7000900000000000000♠9 | Roman Empire |
7005724569000000000♠724,569 | 7005350000000000000♠350,000 | 7006150000000000000♠1,500,000 | Algerian War | Algeria | 1954 | 1962 | 7 Years, 4 Months, 2 Weeks, and 4 Days | [47] |
7005707107000000000♠707,107 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | Spanish Civil War | Spain | 7003193600000000000♠1936 | 7003193900000000000♠1939 | 7000400000000000000♠4 | |
7005600000000000000♠600,000 | 7005300000000000000♠300,000[48] | 7006120000000000000♠1,200,000[49] | Paraguayan War | South America | 7003186400000000000♠1864 | 7003187000000000000♠1870 | 7000700000000000000♠7 | Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias |
7005585423000000000♠585,423 | 7005272000000000000♠272,000[50] | 7006126000000000000♠1,260,000[51][52] | War on Terror | Greater Middle East | 7003200100000000000♠2001 | 7003201300000000000♠2013 | 7001120000000000000♠12 | Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan. |
7005564041000000000♠564,041 | 7005289220000000000♠289,220 | 7006110000000000000♠1,100,000 | Iran-Iraq War | Iran-Iraq border | 1980 | 1988 | Over 8 Years | Iran claims: 123,220 KIA + 11,000 civilians
Iraq claims: 105,000 KIA + 50,000 in Kurdish Genocide Others claim 600,000 Iranians killed and 500,000 Iraqis |
7005279285000000000♠279,285 | 7004260000000000000♠26,000 | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000 | Bangladesh Liberation War | East Pakistan | 1971 | 1971 | 1 | See Bangladeshi Genocide casualties |
الإبادة الجماعية والتطهير العرقي الجماعية العرقية/الدينية من الاضطهاد
الحدث الذي ينطوي على قصد القتل الجماعي من الأفراد على أساس العرق ، أو الدين ، أو العرق ، أو الوفاة الناجمة عن عمليات الإخلاء القسري من الأفراد على أساس العرق أو الدين أو العرق.
Geom. mean estimate | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13٬684٬700 | 13٬684٬700 | 13٬684٬700 | Nazi Genocide of Soviet Slavs | Nazi occupied Europe and Russia | 1939 | 1945 | The Nazi Regimes extermination of Slavic peoples and citizens of the USSR. Figure given is both as intentional genocide and overall civilian war casualties. |
7007110000000000000♠11,000,000 | 7007110000000000000♠11,000,000 | 7007110000000000000♠11,000,000 | Nazi Ethnic Holocaust | Nazi occupied Europe | 1939 | 1945 | Nazi Holocaust against Jews, Poles, Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs and Jehovah's Witnesses. |
7006514392800000000♠5,143,928 | 7006420000000000000♠4,200,000[53] | 7006630000000000000♠6,300,000[54][55] | Ha Shoah | Nazi occupied Europe | 1941 | 1945 | The main systematic and bureaucratic genocide against European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its puppet states. |
7006460169800000000♠4,601,698
|
7006271100000000000♠2,711,000
|
7006781100000000000♠7,811,000
|
Ukrainian Genocide
|
Ukraine | 1932
|
1947
|
Ukrainian Genocide usually refers to the man made famine of 1932 through 1933 called the Holodomor in which the grain of Ukrainians were confiscated to the point where Ukrainians could not survive off the amount of grain they had and were also restricted from fleeing their villages to find food under threat of execution or deportation into a Gulag camp. The term also refers to the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Great Purge especially the Orthodox Church. The main advocate for this view was Raphael Lemkin creator of the word genocide. First death toll is famine and second death toll is combined body count of famine and executions of Ukrainians and uses data from after the opening of the soviet archives. (2.4 to 7.5 million in famine, 0.3 million during the purge and 0.011 million from Law of Spikelets.)[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] |
7006277000000000000♠2,770,000 | 7006277000000000000♠2,770,000 | 7006277000000000000♠2,770,000 | Nazi Holocaust against ethnic Poles | Nazi occupied Poland | 1941 | 1945 | Genocide of Christian Poles during the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany. |
7006217138100000000♠2,171,381 | 7006138673400000000♠1,386,734[64] | 7006340000000000000♠3,400,000[65] | Khmer Rouge Killing Fields | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | The arbitrary torture, execution, starvation and enslavement of the population Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge for the sake of achieving Agrarian socialism, and the genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields. |
7006177748400000000♠1,777,484 7006198928400000000♠1,989,284 |
7006123900000000000♠1,239,000 7006143900000000000♠1,439,000 |
7006255000000000000♠2,550,000 7006275000000000000♠2,750,000 |
Ottoman Empire Holocaust | Ottoman Empire | 1913 | 1922 | A collective term to refer to the various genocides and Ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks. Death toll is the combined death tolls of the Armenian Genocide (800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide (150,000 to 300,000), and Greek Genocide (289,000 to 750,000), and other death toll is the genocides combined with the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon which some also consider part of the same genocidal policy. |
7006123419000000000♠1,234,190 | 7005905000000000000♠905,000 | 7006159500000000000♠1,595,000 | Hutu and Tutsi Holocaust |
Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire | 1959 | 1997 | Combined death toll of all genocides and other massacres between the Hutus and the Tutsis. |
7006122474500000000♠1,224,745 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7006150000000000000♠1,500,000 | Population transfer in the Soviet Union | Soviet Union | 1920 | 1951 | May include casualties of decossackization. |
7006122474500000000♠1,224,745 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000 | The Ethnic Cleansing of Germans | Eastern Europe | 1945 | 1950 | Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II. |
7006109544500000000♠1,095,445 | 7005800000000000000♠800,000 | 7006150000000000000♠1,500,000 | Armenian Genocide / Medz Yeghern / Aghet | Ottoman Empire | 1914 | 1918 | The first genocide of the 20th century to kill over 1,000,000 people, this event was conducted by the Young Turks government of the Ottoman Empire under the administration of Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha. |
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | Hakka Genocide by Qing Empire | China | Unclear but a single month between 1850 and 1867 | Unclear but a single month between 1850 and 1867 | After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the Qing government cracked down on the Hakka ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day. The death toll of the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars is estimated to be 1,000,000 and there was also a mass execution during the Taiping Rebellion that killed 1,000,000. It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown. If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate, the massacre likely took place over the course of a month.[66][67][68] |
7005829819000000000♠829,819 | 7005628000000000000♠628,000 | 7006110000000000000♠1,100,000 | Turkish and Kurdish massacres by the Russian Empire | Russian Empire | 1914 | 1916 | Hundreds of thousands to over a million Turkish and Kurdish civilians are alleged to have been massacred by forces loyal to the Russian Empire during World War I including half a million in Central Asia according to Arnold Toynbee and another 128 to 600 thousand perished during the Caucasus Campaign.[69][70] |
7005816132000000000♠816,132 +thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America (Both Americas) -------------- 7004570380000000000♠47,757 +Siege of Fort Pitt victims (U.S. only) |
7005518993000000000♠518,993 +thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America -------------- 7004395120000000000♠39,193 +Siege of Fort Pitt victims (U.S. only) |
7006128339300000000♠1,283,393 +thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America (Both Americas) -------------- 7005328193000000000♠58,193 +Siege of Fort Pitt victims (U.S. only) |
"Native American Genocide" | North and South America | 1492 | Any Time Past 1492 | While the overall death toll of man made deaths of Native Americans (from both Americas) in unknown, a few events in which many Native Americans (from both Americas and across all centuries) perished. The combined death toll is the one used in this table. (This excludes the millions who perished from disease as it is not agreed upon whether this was planned by Europeans except for the Siege of Fort Pitt which has an unknown death toll anyway.) United States Trail of Tears-2,000 to 6,000[71][72][73][74][75] Indian Massacres-7,193[76] American Indian Wars-30,000 to 45,000[77] Overall 39,193 to 58,193 Canada Canadian Residential Schools-6,000[78] to 50,000[79] Guatemala Guatemalan Genocide-35,000[80] to 170,000[81] Mexico Caste War of Yucatán-200,000[82] + Unknown number of Apache killed for bounty Brazil Native Brazilian Genocide-235,000 to 800,000[83] Argentina Conquest of the Desert-1,300[84] Spain Encomienda-?Thousands ? Millions? Spanish colonization of the Americas-?Thousands ? Millions? Chile |
7005707107000000000♠707,107 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | The 100 Days of Rwandan genocide | Rwanda | April 7, 1994 | July 15, 1994 | Regarded as the most efficient genocide of the 20th century, the Rwandan genocide was the disorganized communal mass murder of Tutsis, by their rival tribe the Hutu through the Rwandan government and Hutu Power militias such as the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi. |
7005707107000000000♠707,107 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | French conquest of Algeria | Algeria | 1827 | 1875 | [87] |
7005632456000000000♠632,456 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000 | Genocidal Massacres of the Indian Partition | India | 1947 | 1957 | In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between Hindus and Muslims.[88][89][90] |
7005536656000000000♠536,656 | 7005480000000000000♠480,000 | 7005600000000000000♠600,000 | Dzungar genocide | Dzungar Khanate | 1755 | 1758 | The mass extermination of Dzungar mongols by the Qing dynasty under the order of the Qianlong Emperor. |
7005465564000000000♠465,564 | 7005289000000000000♠289,000 | 7005750000000000000♠750,000 | Greek genocide | Ottoman Empire | 1913 | 1922 | Violent Ethnic cleansing of Greeks from their historical homeland of Anatolia. |
7005447214000000000♠447,214 | 7005400000000000000♠400,000 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | Ethnic cleansing of Circassians | Circassia | 1864 | 1867 | Deaths from mass expulsion of Circassians after Russian conquest. |
7005447214000000000♠447,214 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000[91] | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | Albigensian Crusade | Languedoc, France | 1209 | 1229 | Raphael Lemkin, well known as the coiner of the term genocide, referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".[92] |
7005446774000000000♠446,774 (Geometric mean of all numbers listed to the right) |
7004260000000000000♠26,000 [93] |
7006300000000000000♠3,000,000[104] | The Genocide of Bangladeshis in Eastern Pakistan during Operation Searchlight | East Pakistan | March 21 |
December 16 |
See
|
7005433590000000000♠433,590 | 7005235000000000000♠235,000 | 7005800000000000000♠800,000 | Genocide of Native Brazilians | Brazil | 1900 | 1985 | |
7005415692000000000♠415,692 | 7005144000000000000♠144,000[105] | 7006120000000000000♠1,200,000[106] | The Chinese Occupation of Tibet | Tibet | 1950 | ongoing | In 1960 the western-based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began. The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the USSR, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.[107] |
7005390000000000000♠390,000 rough estimate:[108] |
7005100000000000000♠? | 7005936000000000000♠? | Ethnic cleansing of Hazara by the Durrani Empire | Afghanistan | 1888 | 1893 | Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in Abdur Rahman Khan's crackdown of the Hazaras. |
7005387896000000000♠387,896 | 7005379000000000000♠379,000 | 7005397000000000000♠397,000 | The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia | Independent State of Croatia | 1941 | 1945 | Genocide of Serbs, Jews, and Romani by the Ustaše including 322 to 340 thousand Serbs, 25 thousand Roma and 32 thousand Jews.[109][110] |
7005346410000000000♠346,410 | 7005300000000000000♠300,000 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | decossackization | Former Russian Empire | 1917 | 1933 | Violent class purge, Ethnic cleansing, and mass murder of Cossacks, especially Kuban and Don Cossacks, by the Bolshevik party. |
7005331662000000000♠331,662 | 7005220000000000000♠220,000 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | Porajmos | Nazi occupied Europe | 1941 | 1945 | The genocide of Romani by Nazi Germany and its puppet states. |
7005273861000000000♠273,861 | 7005150000000000000♠150,000 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | Polish Genocide by the Soviet Union | Poland | 1939 | 1946 | [111] |
7005219943000000000♠219,943 | 7005215000000000000♠215,000[112] | 7005225000000000000♠225,000 | Chinese Genocide under Khmer Rouge | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | More than half of the Chinese population of Cambodia were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge.[113] |
7005212132000000000♠212,132 | 7004900000000000000♠90,000 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000[114] | Cham Genocide under Khmer Rouge | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | The genocide slaughtered over 70% of the Cham Muslim population in Cambodia according to themselves, and Cham were according to Ben Kiernan subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to Samuel Totten. |
7005212132000000000♠212,132 | 7005150000000000000♠150,000 | 7005300000000000000♠300,000 | Assyrian genocide | Ottoman Empire | 1914 | 1918 | Mass murder and forced relocation of Assyrians in conjunction with the Greek and Armenian genocides. |
7005209762000000000♠209,762 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005220000000000000♠220,000[115] | Hutu Refugee Massacres during the First Congo War | Zaire | 1996 | 1997 | During the First Congo War, Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the génocidaires had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred[116] however Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces.[117] The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report. |
7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | Wu Hu and Jie Genocide | Northern China | 350 | 351 | Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people, during the Wei–Jie war in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred.[118] |
7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | Cromwellian conquest of Ireland | Ireland | 1649 | 1653 | The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland.[119] The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians[120] argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists; these claims have been challenged by others.[121] |
7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | Caste War of Yucatán | Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico | 1847 | 1901 | The Caste War of Yucatán (approx. 1847–1901) against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. Adam Jones wrote: Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed."[82] |
7005193649000000000♠193,649 | 7005150000000000000♠150,000[122] | 7005250000000000000♠250,000[123] | Destruction of the Carthaginians | Tunisia | 149 BC | 146 BC | This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence. |
7005168375000000000♠168,375 (Non-government estimates) --------------------- |
7004630000000000000♠63,000 |
7005450000000000000♠450,000+ |
Darfurian Genocide | Darfur, Sudan | 2003 | Ongoing | The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population.[128][129] The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.[130] |
7005165831000000000♠165,831 | 7005110000000000000♠110,000 | 7005250000000000000♠250,000 | Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38) | Soviet Union | 1937 | 1938 | The operation from 1937 to 1938 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union. |
7005154919000000000♠154,919 | 7004800000000000000♠80,000 | 7005300000000000000♠300,000 | Hamidian Massacres | Ottoman Empire | 1894 | 1896 | Mass murder of Armenian (and other Christian) civilians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II that foreshadowed the Armenian Genocide |
7005135941000000000♠135,941 | 7004600000000000000♠60,000[131] | 7005308000000000000♠308,000[132] | East Timorese Genocide | East Timor | 7003197400000000000♠1974 | 7003199900000000000♠1999 | The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness[133] resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population.[134][135] |
7005134164000000000♠134,164 | 7004600000000000000♠60,000[136][137][138] | 7005300000000000000♠300,000[139] | The Volhynian Slaughter of Poles | Volhyn and Eastern Galicia | 1943 | 1944 | Genocide[140][141] of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).[142][143][144][145][146] |
7005129615000000000♠129,615 | 7004800000000000000♠80,000 | 7005210000000000000♠210,000 | Burundian genocide of Hutus during 1972 | Burundi | 1972 | 1972 | Communal mass murder of Hutus by their rival tribe the Tutsi in Burundi. |
7005115039000000000♠115,039 | 7004520000000000000♠52,000 | 7005254500000000000♠254,500 | Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire | Russian Empire | 1903–06 | 1917–22 | The massacres of Jews in the Russian Empire reached their peak in the early 20th century, through the killing of thousands from 1903 to 1906[147] and tens to hundreds of thousands from 1917 to 1922.[148] |
7005100000000000000♠100,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | Deportation of the Crimean Tatars | Soviet Union | 1944 | 1945 | Event is often considered an Ethnic cleansing, and the Ukraine considers the event genocide. |
7005100000000000000♠100,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | Rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari | Present day Peru | 1780 | 1782 | The indigenous rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782, cost over 100,000 colonists' lives in Peru and Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia)."[149] |
7004953940000000000♠95,394 | 7004500000000000000♠50,000[150] | 7005182000000000000♠182,000[151] | Al-Anfal campaign | Baathist Iraq | 1986 | 1989 | The Kurdish genocide led by Ali Hassan al-Majid under the order of Saddam Hussein |
7004866030000000000♠86,603 | 7004500000000000000♠50,000[152] | 7005150000000000000♠150,000 | Atrocities against Harkis after the Algerian War | Algeria | 1962 | 1962 | The Harkis were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture. |
7004810680000000000♠81,068 | 7004702730000000000♠70,273 | 7004935210000000000♠93,521 | Aktion T4 | Nazi Germany | 1939 | 1941 | A euthanasia program in Nazi Germany used to purge those deemed genetically deficient. |
7004771360000000000♠77,136 | 7004350000000000000♠35,000 | 7005170000000000000♠170,000 | Guatemalan genocide | Guatemala | 1960 | 1996 | According to the Historical Clarification Commission 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared and least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War of which 93% were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83% of the victims were Maya. |
7004750000000000000♠50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of |
7004600000000000000♠50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of |
7004900000000000000♠50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of |
Rwandan Revolution | Burundi and |
1959 | 1962 | [153] |
7004734850000000000♠73,485 | 7004270000000000000♠27,000 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 1948 Massacre in Hyderabad | Hyderabad State, India | 1948 | 1948 | [154][155] |
7004648070000000000♠64,807 | 7004600000000000000♠60,000 | 7004700000000000000♠70,000 | Cannibalism and Murder of Pygmy peoples during Great War of Africa | Democratic Republic of Congo | 1998 | 2003 | Pygmy peoples were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans. |
7004560000000000000♠56,000 | 7004490000000000000♠49,000 | 7004640000000000000♠64,000 | American Indian Wars of the United States | Now the United States | 1511 | 1890 | From the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894): "The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate..." |
7004547720000000000♠54,772 | 7004500000000000000♠50,000 | 7004600000000000000♠60,000[156][157][158] | Warsaw Uprising | Occupied Poland | 7003194460000000000♠5 August 1944 | 7003194462000000000♠12 August 1944 | Polish fatalities in district Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising |
7004500000000000000♠50,000 | 7004500000000000000♠50,000 | 7004500000000000000♠50,000 | Burundian genocide of Tutsis during 1993 | Burundi | 1993 | 1993 | Communal mass murder of Tutsis by their rival tribe the Hutu in Burundi. |
7004489900000000000♠48,990 | 7004240000000000000♠24,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | Herero genocide | German South-West Africa | 1904 | 1907 | Part of the Herero and Namaqua genocide during the Herero Wars. |
7004447210000000000♠44,721 | 7004200000000000000♠20,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | Witch trials in the early modern period | Europe | 1400 | 1800 | [159] |
7004374440000000000♠37,444 | 7004347640000000000♠34,764[160] | 7004403300000000000♠40,330[161][162] | Ethnic cleansing and Genocide from all sides of the Bosnian War | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1992 | 1995 | All civilians killed in the Bosnian War including events such as the Srebrenica Massacre, Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, Žepa Massacre, and other atrocities. 69.8% to 82% of civilian victims of the Bosnian War were Bosniak. |
7004316230000000000♠31,623 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 |
7005100000000000000♠100,000 |
Great Fire of Smyrna | Smyrna, Ottoman Empire | 7003192270000000000♠September 9, 1922 | 7003192273000000000♠September 24, 1922 | Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the massacre of their populations. After the attacks 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed. |
7004284600000000000♠28,460 | 7003300000000000000♠3,000 | 7005270000000000000♠270,000 | Urkun | Russian Empire, Krygyzstan | 1916 | 1916 | In 1916 there was an uprising and crackdown of Krygyzstanis against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the Urkun.
A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a genocide though Russia rejected this characterization.[167] Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000.[168] |
7004254950000000000♠25,495 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004650000000000000♠65,000 | Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam | Canara | 1784 | 1799 | The Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam (1784–1799) was a 15-year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam in the Indian region of Canara by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore |
7004250000000000000♠25,000 | 7004250000000000000♠25,000 | 7004250000000000000♠25,000 | 1988 Burundian Hutu Massacre | Burundi | 1988 | 1988 | [169] |
7004222490000000000♠22,249 | 7004220000000000000♠22,000 | 7004225000000000000♠22,500+see List of massacres of Indigenous Australians | Australian frontier wars | Australia | 1788 | 1934 | War between Indigenous Australians and settlers in which about 20,000 aboriginal were massacred along with 2–2.5 thousand settlers dying in combat. |
7004218170000000000♠21,817 | 7004170000000000000♠17,000 | 7004280000000000000♠28,000 | Ethnic cleansing of Georgians | Abkhazia and Georgia | 1992 | 1993 | The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia',[170][171][172][173]
[174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181] also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia"[182][183] and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia"[184] — refers to ethnic cleansing,[185] massacres[186] and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians. |
7004174290000000000♠17,429 | 7003759400000000000♠7,594 | 7004400000000000000♠40,000 | Dersim Massacre | Dersim, Turkey | 1937 | 1937 | The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province.[187][188][189][190][191][192][193] The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government.[194] As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of Alevi Zazas[195] died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict. |
7004173210000000000♠17,321 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004300000000000000♠30,000 | 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom | Nigeria | May 29, 1966 | October 1966 | [196] |
7004173200000000000♠17,320 | 7003600000000000000♠6,000[197][198] | 7004500000000000000♠50,000[199] | Canadian Indian residential school system | Canada | 1876 | 1996 | Schools aboriginal Canadians were sent to away from their parents in order to integrate them into Canadian culture that resulted in widespread physical abuse and disease. |
7004163490000000000♠16,349 | 7004163490000000000♠16,349 | 7004163490000000000♠16,349+ See List of Indian massacres | Indian Massacres | Now the United States | 1511 | 1890 | It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. However, one book, The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890). The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans. |
7004122470000000000♠12,247 | 7003100000000000000♠1,000 | 7005150000000000000♠150,000[200][201] | Massacres of Biharis by Bengali mobs | Bangladesh | 1971 | 1971 | Most extreme episode of the Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh |
7004106070000000000♠10,607 | 7003375000000000000♠3,750[202] | 7004300000000000000♠30,000[203] | Gukurahundi | Zimbabwe | 1983 | 1987 | Ethnic cleansing and executions of members of the Ndebele by the Robert Mugabe's Fifth Brigade. |
7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | Vietnamese Genocide by Khmer Rouge | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | 100% of the Vietnamese in Cambodia were slaughtered during the genocide according to Samuel Totten. |
7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | Namaqua genocide | German South-West Africa | 1904 | 1907 | Part of the Herero and Namaqua genocide during the Herero Wars. |
7003800000000000000♠8,000 | 7003800000000000000♠8,000 | 7003800000000000000♠8,000 | Thai Genocide by Khmer Rouge | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | 40% of Thai in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian Genocide according to Samuel Totten. |
7003774600000000000♠7,746 | 7003200000000000000♠2,000 | 7004300000000000000♠30,000 | 1946 Bihar riots | Bihar, British India | October 30, 1946 | November 7, 1946 | [204] However, By 3 November, the official estimate put the figure of death at only 445.[205] |
7003707100000000000♠7,071 | 7003500000000000000♠5,000 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | Noakhali riots | Noakhali Region, Bengal, British India | October 1946 | November 1946 | The Noakhali riots, also known as the Noakhali genocide or the Noakhali Carnage, were a series of massacres, rapes, abductions and forced conversions of Hindus and looting and arson of Hindu properties, perpetrated by the Muslim community in the districts of Noakhali in the Chittagong Division of Bengal in October–November 1946, a year before India's independence from British rule. It affected the areas under the Ramganj, Begumganj, Raipur, Lakshmipur, Chhagalnaiya and Sandwip police stations in Noakhali district and the areas under the Hajiganj, Faridganj, Chandpur, Laksham and Chauddagram police stations in Tipperah district, a total area of more than 2,000 square miles. |
7003677500000000000♠6,775 | 7003102000000000000♠1,020 | 7004450000000000000♠45,000 | Algerian Massacres by the French | Algeria | 1945 | 1945 | [206] |
7003670800000000000♠6,708
|
7003300000000000000♠3,000
|
7004150000000000000♠15,000
|
Tasmanian Extinction Black War |
Australia | 1803
|
1905
|
After the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith there were no non-mixed raced Tasmanians left in the world. |
7003632500000000000♠6,325 | 7003200000000000000♠2,000 | 7004200000000000000♠20,000 | Zanzibar Revolution | Zanzibar | 1964 | 1964 | Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution |
7003564000000000000♠5,640 | 7003559000000000000♠5,590 | 7003569000000000000♠5,690+ | 1964 East Pakistan riots | East Pakistan | January 1964 | January 1964 | Khulna 200–300[207] Dhaka 1,000[208] Narayanganj 3,500[209] Bhulta 267[210] Golkandli 623 Almost 100% of Hindu population of Mainam ? 100s or 1000s more? |
7003547700000000000♠5,477 | 7003500000000000000♠5,000[211] | 7003600000000000000♠6,000[212][213] | Simele massacre | Simele, Kingdom of Iraq | August 7, 1933 | August 11, 1933 | The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide.[214] |
7003500000000000000♠5,000 | 7003500000000000000♠5,000[215] | 7003500000000000000♠5,000+ | Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL | Sinjar, Iraq and Syria | 2014 | ongoing | Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Yazidis by ISIL |
7003481800000000000♠4,818 + 3? | 7003480300000000000♠4,803 + 3? | 7003483300000000000♠4,833 + 3? | 1950 Barisal Riots | East Bengal | February 1950 | March 1950 | Kalshira? 70–100 Nachole 215 Dhaka 2,500 Barisal Chittagong ? Sylhet ? Rajshahi 17 Mymensingh 2,000 Jessore 1 |
7003473300000000000♠4,733 | 7003280000000000000♠2,800 | 7003800000000000000♠8,000 | 1984 Sikh Massacre | India | October 31, 1984 | November 3, 1984 | A series of pogroms against sikhs primarily done by members of the Indian National Congress party due to the assassination of the prime minister. |
7003468100000000000♠4,681 | 7003219100000000000♠2,191 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | Nellie massacre | Assam, India | Six hours on February 18, 1983 | Six hours on February 18, 1983 | [216] |
7003400000000000000♠4,000 | 7003400000000000000♠4,000 | 7003400000000000000♠4,000 | Laotian Genocide by Khmer Rouge | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | 40% of Laotians in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian Genocide according to Samuel Totten. |
7003400000000000000♠4,000 | 7003400000000000000♠4,000 | 7003400000000000000♠4,000 | Direct Action Day | India | August 16, 1946 | August 18, 1946 | Direct Action Day (16 August 1946), also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, was a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India. |
7003387300000000000♠3,873 | 7003300000000000000♠3,000 | 7003500000000000000♠5,000 | 1804 Haiti massacre | Haiti | Early February 1804 | April 22, 1804 | Genocide of white people in Haiti.[217] |
7003346400000000000♠3,464 | 7003200000000000000♠2,000 | 7003600000000000000♠6,000 | Trail of Tears | United States | 1830 | 1850 | The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of Andrew Jackson. |
7003312200000000000♠3,122 | 7003250000000000000♠2,500[85] | 7003390000000000000♠3,900 | Selknam genocide | Tierra del Fuego, Chile | Late 1800s | Early 1900s | Genocide of Selknam Native Chilean tribe. |
7003258000000000000♠2,580 | 7002547000000000000♠547 | 7004121660000000000♠12,166 | Parsley Massacre | Dominican Republic | October 2, 1937 | October 8, 1937 | Genocidal massacre of people who say perejil(Spanish for parsely) in a French accent in order to determine if they're Afro-Haitian or Afro-Dominican. |
7003176300000000000♠1,763 | 7003104400000000000♠1,044 | 7003297700000000000♠2,977[218] | 2002 Gujarat riots | Gujarat, India | February 2002 | March 2002 | Minimum death toll inlcludes 790 Muslim death toll. Both death tolls include 254 Hindu deaths and maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead and 2,500 Muslim higher death toll. |
7003170000000000000♠1,700 | 7003170000000000000♠1,700[219] | 7003170000000000000♠1,700+ | Genocide of Shias by ISIL | Iraq, Syria | 2014 | ongoing | Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Shiass by ISIL |
7003130000000000000♠1,300 | 7003130000000000000♠1,300 | 7003130000000000000♠1,300 | Conquest of the Desert | Argentina | Mid 1870s | 1884 | The Conquest of the Desert was a military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, then inhabited by indigenous peoples, killing more than 1,300.[220] |
7003100000000000000♠1,000 | 7003100000000000000♠1,000[221] | 7003100000000000000♠1,000+ | Genocide of Christians by ISIL | Iraq, Syria, and Libya | 2014 | ongoing | Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Christians by ISIL |
7003928100000000000♠? | 7002319000000000000♠? | 7005270000000000000♠? | Biological Warfare at the Siege of Fortt Pitt | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 1763 | 1763 | The death toll resulting from the event is unknown but here are some statistics that may allow for some extrapolations: The Fort Pit outbreak hit the Lenni Lenape and Shawnee.[222] The population of these two groups in 2008 were 16,000 and 14,000 respectively.[223][224] The US's population in 2008 was likely about 305 million as it was 281,421,906 in 2000 and grew by 1.9 million each year afterwards, meaning the two tribes were likely about one ten thousandth of the population. The population of the aforementioned tribes is unknown but the non-native population of the United States in 1760 was 1,593,625 and in 1770 was 2,148,076,.[225] Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860, but in 2010 Native Americans made up about 0.7% of the U.S. population.[226][227] The native populations grow at slower rates then non-native and sometimes even decreased. The mortality rates of disease on indigenous people can be as high as 90%.[228] There is also widespread intermarriage between the natives and non-natives. |
السياسيات التطهيرية و القمع
يتضمن هذا القسم الأحداث التي تشمل القتل الجماعي للمعارضة السياسية (مثلا اصحاب الأيديولوجيات المعينة أو اي فئة أو مجرد شخص يحتج على الحكومة) والتي تسمى في بعض الأحيان بـ "الأحمر" أو "أبيض" اعتمادا على من ارتكبها و لنوع المعارضة (أحمر=الشيوعية, أبيض=مكافحة الشيوعية/القومية).
Geom. mean estimate | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4٬732٬864 | 800٬000 | 28٬000٬000 | Landlord Classicide under Mao Zedong | People's Republic of China | 1946 | 1949 | [229] Millions of landlords were murdered during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies. |
2٬000٬000 | 400٬000 | 10٬000٬000[230] | The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution | People's Republic of China | 1966 | 1976 | The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society.
|
1٬325٬000 | 1٬325٬000 | 1٬325٬000 | Cambodian Autogenocide | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | Some have referred to the mass killing of ethnic Khmer people under the Khmer Rouge as a genocide despite the fact the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer and the Khmer were killed less in proportion to their population, according to Samuel Totten, then other victims of the Khmer Rouge making it more of a politicide. These killings have been described as autogenocide or civil genocide. The death toll used here is the combined death of rural and urban Khmer according to Samuel Totten. Note this is not the total number of people killed in the Cambodian genocide just the number of ethnic Khmers killed. |
1٬193٬315 | 712٬000[231] | 2٬000٬000[232] | Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in China | People's Republic of China | 1950 | 1951 | The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries ((بالصينية)counterrevolutionaries(بالصينية) or abbreviated as (بالصينية)) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government. |
1٬077٬850 | 681٬692[233] | 1٬704٬230[234] | Great Purge in the Soviet Union | Soviet Union | 1936 | 1938 | The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution (especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system. |
485٬283 | 78٬500[235] | 3٬000٬000[236] | 1965 & 66 Indonesian Politicide | Indonesia | 1965 | 1966 | Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965 and 1966. Death tolls are difficult to estimate.[237] |
300٬000 | 300٬000 | 300٬000[238] | White Terror (Russia) | Former Russian Empire | 1917 | 1923 | White movement equivalent to the Red Terror. |
244٬949 | 150٬000[239] | 400٬000[240] | Francoist Repression | Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War | 1936 | 1945 | In Spain, the White Terror (also known as la Represión Franquista, the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1 October 1936 – 20 November 1975)[241] |
150٬000 | 30٬000 | 750٬000[242] | Qey Shibir | People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | 1977 | 1978 | Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia. |
141٬421 | 100٬000[248] | 200٬000[249] | Bodo League Massacre | Korea | Summer 1950 | Summer 1950 | Massacre of communist and suspected communist during the Korean War. |
126٬491 | 80٬000[250] | 200٬000 | Holocaust of the Freemasons | Nazi occupied territory | 1933 | 1945 | The Nazis targeted Freemasons for their killings as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish Conspiracy.
See Suppression of Freemasonry |
122٬474 | 10٬000[251] | 1٬500٬000[252] | Red Terror during the Russian Civil War | Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War | 1918 | 1922 | Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. |
7004670820000000000♠67,082 | 7004250000000000000♠25,000 | 7005180000000000000♠180,000 | 1991 uprising in Iraq | Iraq | March the 1st, 1991 | April the 5th, 1991 | The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.[253] |
7004632460000000000♠63,246 | 7004500000000000000♠50,000 | 7004800000000000000♠80,000[254] | Operation Condor | South America | 1975 | 1983 | A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States |
7004524320000000000♠52,432 | 7004380000000000000♠38,000[255] | 7004723440000000000♠72,344[256] | Spanish Communist Politicide | Spain during the Spanish Civil War | 1936 | 1939 | The Red Terror in Spain (Spanish: Terror Rojo
)[257] is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".[258] |
7004519620000000000♠51,962 | 7004135000000000000♠13,500[259] | 7005200000000000000♠200,000[260] | North Vietnamese Land Reform | North Vietnam | 1954 | 1956 | Some view the land reforms as a class purge. |
7004259230000000000♠25,923 | 7004160000000000000♠16,000 | 7004420000000000000♠42,000 | The Reign of Terror | France during the French Revolution | 1793 | 1794 | The Reign of Terror, was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution". |
7004200000000000000♠20,000 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004400000000000000♠40,000 | 1982 Hama Massacre | Hama, Syria | February 2, 1982 | February the 28th 1982 | The Hama massacre (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government |
7004200000000000000♠20,000 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004400000000000000♠40,000[261] | 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre | El Salvador | January 22, 1932 | July 11, 1932 | Many of the victims were Indigenous people |
7004173200000000000♠17,320 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004300000000000000♠30,000 | February 28 Incident | Taiwan | 1947 | 1947 | Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror (Taiwan) era. |
7004164320000000000♠16,432 | 7003900000000000000♠9,000[262] | 7004300000000000000♠30,000[263] | Dirty War | Argentina | 1976 | 1983 | At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor). |
7004116500000000000♠11,650 | 7004116500000000000♠11,650 | 7004116500000000000♠11,650 | Red and White Terrors of the Finnish Civil War | Finland | 1918 | 1918 | Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.[264] |
7004115960000000000♠11,596 | 7003448200000000000♠4,482 | 7004300000000000000♠30,000 | 1988 Iranian P.O.C. Massacre | Iran | 1988 | 1988 (5 months after starting of executions.) |
[265][266][267] Massacre of Prisoners of Conscience (P.O.C.s) in Iran. |
7003346400000000000♠3,464 | 7003300000000000000♠3,000 | 7003400000000000000♠4,000 | White Terror (Taiwan) | Taiwan | 1949 | 1987 | An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 where imprisoned and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang |
7003196000000000000♠1,960 | 7003120000000000000♠1,200 | 7003320000000000000♠3,200 | Chilean Politicide | Chile | 1974 | 1990 | 1,200 to 3,200 alleged communist were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet.[268][269][270] |
7002850000000000000♠850 | 7002241000000000000♠241 | 7003300000000000000♠3,000 | Massacre of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 | Tiananmen Square, People's Republic of China | 1989 | 1989 | Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People's Republic of China. |
العمل القسري والإستعباد ومعسكرات الإبادة و تجارة الرقيق
تشمل الوفيات الناجمة عن سوء ظروف العمل و الإعدام لعدم أداء العمل بصورة مرضية .
Geom. mean estimate | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
32٬863٬353 | 22٬500٬000 | 48٬000٬000 | Maafa | Middle East, North Africa, the Congo and the Horn of Africa | 650s | 1900s | The summation of all those killed in Slave Trades and forced labour systems under both Europeans and Arab: 5.5 to 15 million Atlantic Trade 14 to 20 million Arab Trade 3 to 13 million Congo Holocaust under Leopold II |
20٬124٬610 | 15٬000٬000 | 27٬000٬000 | Laogai "reform through labor" System |
People's Republic of China | 1945 | 1976 | Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which once took up more than half of the world's slaves.[بحاجة لمصدر] Laogai is different from laojiao, or re-education through labor, which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens.[271] Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor. |
16٬733٬201 | 14٬000٬000 | 20٬000٬000 | Slave Trade of Africans by Arabs | Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa | 650s | 1900s | [272] |
10٬868٬533 | 10٬500٬000[273][274] | 11٬250٬000 | European enslavement under the Ottoman Turks | Southern Europe, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Grand Duchy of Moscow | 1450 | 1800 | Slave raids carried out by Muslims from Ottoman Empire on European nations.
There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade. The method many people use such as Matthew White is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves. White estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. (Includes Barbary Slave Trade) |
9٬082٬951 | 5٬500٬000 | 15٬000٬000 | Atlantic Slave Trade | Africa, the Americas, and across the Atlantic | 1600s | 1800s |
The transatlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and as yet still unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside America. |
6٬244٬998 | 3٬000٬000[ب] | 13٬000٬000[276] | Congolese Holocaust | Congo Free State | 1٬885 | 1٬908 | Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[277] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[278] |
1٬702٬101 | 1٬053٬829 | 2٬749٬163[279] | Gulag Labor System | Soviet Union | 1930s | 1950s | Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish genuine criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war. |
1٬500٬000 | 1٬500٬000 | 1٬500٬000 | Forced Labor in North Korea | North Korea | 1972 | ongoing | [280] |
1٬095٬445 | 800٬000 | 1٬500٬000 | Auschwitz-Birkenau | Oświęcim, Poland | 1940 | 1945 | [281][282] |
836٬660 | 700٬000 | 1٬000٬000 | Treblinka | Treblinka, Poland | 1942 | 1943 | [283][284] |
590٬419 | 173٬000 | 2٬015٬000 | Peonage and Chattel Slavery In Mexico | Mexico | 1900 | 1920 | R.J. Rummel coiner of the word "Democide" estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage a form of debt labor by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag, and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000. |
536٬656 | 480٬000 | 600٬000 | Bełżec | Bełżec, Poland | 1942 | 1943 | [285][286][287] |
467٬654 | 270٬000 | 810٬000 | Forced Labor of Koreans by Imperial Japan | Korea and Manchuria | 1939 | 1945 | [288] |
400٬000
|
200٬000
|
800٬000
|
French Colonial Slavery | French colonial empire | 1900 | 1940 | [289] |
325٬000 | 325٬000 | 325٬000 | Portuguese Forced Labor | Portuguese Empire | 1900 | 1925 | [290] |
264٬575 | 100٬000 | 700٬000 | Jasenovac | Croatia | 1941 | 1945 | [291][292][293] |
254٬951 | 130٬000 | 500٬000 | Kolyma Gulag | Kolyma, Soviet Union | 1932 | 1954 | [294] |
250٬000+ | 250٬000+ | 250٬000+ | Amazonian Rubber Slavery | Amazon, Brazil | 1900 | 1912 | [295] |
102٬621 | 102٬621[296] | 102٬621 | Construction of Burma Railway | Burma | 1943 | 1947 |
Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway. More than 180,000—possibly many more—Southeast Asian civilian labourers (Romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans. |
85٬000 | 85٬000 | 85٬000 | Stutthof | Stutthof, Third Reich | 1939 | 1945 | Second World War |
67٬082 | 30٬000 | 120٬000 | Construction of the Suez Canal | Egypt, and Sudan | 1859 | 1868 | French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, in 1854–56, to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000,[297] but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue and disease, especially cholera.[298] |
35٬000 | 35٬000 | 35٬000 | Forced Labor of Allied POWs | In and around the Pacific | 1939 | 1945 | According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27%).[299][300] |
32٬249 | 26٬000 | 40٬000 | Concentration Camps during the Second Boer War | South African Republic | 1900 | 1902 | 116,000 Boer women and children; 26,370 died.
115,000 black people 15,000 died Second Boer War [301] 81% of the total fatalities in the camps were children Emily Hobhouse |
30٬972 | 12٬790 | 75٬000 | Stara Gradiška | Croatia | 1941 | 1945 | Primarily for women and children[302][303] |
17٬000 | 17٬000 | 17٬000 | Tuol Sleng | Phnom Penh, Cambodia | 1975 | 1979 | [304] |
13٬171 | 13٬171 | 7004131710000000000♠13,171 | Camp Sumter | Andersonville, Georgia, USA | 1864 | 1865 | [305] |
7004120000000000000♠12,000 | 7004120000000000000♠12,000 | 7004120000000000000♠12,000 | Crveni Krst | Niš, Serbia | 1941 | 1941 | [306] |
7003296300000000000♠2,963 | 7003296300000000000♠2,963 | 7003296300000000000♠2,963 | Tammisaari Prison Camp | Tammisaari, Finland | 1918 | 1918 | |
7003296300000000000♠2,963 | 7003296300000000000♠2,963 | 7003296300000000000♠2,963 | Elmira Prison | Elmira, New York, USA | 1864 | 1865 | [307] |
7003203200000000000♠2,032 | 7003103200000000000♠1,032 | 7003400000000000000♠4,000[308] | Shark Island Concentration Camp | Luderitz, German South-West Africa | 1905 | 1907 | Minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people and maximum is out of those in the Maximum includes those who died in the Luderitz area. |
7003134200000000000♠1,342 | 7003120000000000000♠1,200 | 7003180000000000000♠1,800 | World Cup Migrant Labor Deaths | Qatar | 2013 | ongoing | [309] Out of 100,000 laborers. |
جرائم الحرب وفظائع الحرب القديمة
مجزرة و وفاة غير طبيعية والتي ارتكبها او تسبب فيهاالقوات العسكرية او الطائفية او الإرهابية او القوات المتمردة ، أو الكيان السياسي الذي قد يستهدف الطائفة العرقية ، أو الدينية ، أو مجموعة سياسية ولكن عادة ما تكون جزءا من الاستراتيجية العسكرية أو هو مجرد فعل تعسفي من السادية.
Geom. mean estimate | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
29٬074٬054 | 29٬000٬000 | 30٬500٬000 | All atrocities against civilians during World War II
(Holocaust, Japanese War Crimes, Soviet Oppression such as Gulags and Population transfer in the Soviet Union, and Terror bombing) |
Worldwide | 1939 | 1945 | See World War II casualties |
6٬480٬741 | 3٬000٬000[310] | 14٬000٬000[311] | Asian Holocaust (By Japan) | In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific | 1895 | 1945 | Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust[312] and Japanese war atrocities.[313][314][315] Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the Shōwa Era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the surrender of the Empire of Japan, in 1945. |
2٬700٬000 | 2٬700٬000 | 2٬700٬000 | Three Alls Policy | China during World War II | 1940 | 1942 | In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy(A scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China.), sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians. |
2٬509٬980 | 1٬800٬000 | 3٬500٬000[316] | Chinese Civil War Atrocities against civilians from forced conscription and massacres | China | 1927–1936 | 1946–1950 | During the war both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.[317] |
2٬108٬577 | 1٬923٬599 | 2٬311٬343 | Korean War Atrocities against civilians | Korean Peninsula | 1950 | 1953 | Death toll includes North Korea civilian casualties and it is made unclear whether these discern from killings, injuries, or abductions unlike the south. Maximum death toll counts the abducted and missing casualties as presumed dead. Tens to a few hundred thousand civilian casualties of South Korea may have been caused by the government's own purges and perhaps most of North Korea's were the result of North Korea's own government sanctioned terror. |
2٬000٬000 | 2٬000٬000 | 2٬000٬000 | First and Second Sudanese War Atrocities against Civilians | Sudan | 1956–1972 | 1983–2005 | [318] |
1٬303٬840 | 850٬000 | 2٬000٬000 | Afghan Politicide | Afghanistan | 1979 | 1989 | Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet Invasion as a genocide, however those killed were on the basis of political alignment making it a politicide. |
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000[321] | Yellow Tiger Massacre | Sichuan, China | 1644 | 1646 | Bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population. |
7005910000000000000♠910,000 | 7005910000000000000♠910,000 | 7005910000000000000♠910,000 | Warlord Era China | China | 1900 | 1927 | [322] |
7005632456000000000♠632,456 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000[323] | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000[324] | Mongol Destruction of Baghdad | Baghdad | January 29, 1258 | February 10, 1258 | Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad. Considered to be the end of the "Islamic Golden Age." |
7005500000000000000♠500,000 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | Angolan Civil War Atrocities against civilians | Angola | 1975 | 2002 | The 27-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting – from 1975 to 1991, 1992 to 1994, and from 1998 to 2002 – broken up by fragile periods of peace. By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Angola's infrastructure, and severely damaged the nation's public administration, economic enterprises, and religious institutions. |
7005481664000000000♠481,664 | 7005400000000000000♠400,000[325] | 7005580000000000000♠580,000[326] | Biological Warfare and Human Experimentation by the Imperial Japanese Army | Parts of Russia and China especially Manchuria | 1931 | 1945 | See Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust |
7005244949000000000♠244,949 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000[327] | 7005300000000000000♠300,000 | La Violencia | Colombia | 1948 | 1958 |
La Violencia (تلفظ بالإسبانية: /la βjoˈlensja/, The Violence) was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside. Death toll may include non-civilian victims |
7005223607000000000♠223,607 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005250000000000000♠250,000 | Philippine-American War atrocities against civilians | Philippines | 1899 | 1902 (1913 Moro Rebellion) | [328][329][330][i] |
7005223607000000000♠223,607 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | 7005500000000000000♠500,000 | Manila Massacre | Manila, Philippines | 7003194500000000000♠1945 | 7003194500000000000♠1945 | [331][332][333][334] |
7005205670000000000♠205,670 | 7005150000000000000♠150,000 | 7005282000000000000♠282,000 | Iran-Iraq War Atrocities against civilians. | Iran and Iraq | 1980 | 1988 | 100,000[335] civilians killed on both sides plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide. |
7005177307000000000♠177,307 | 7005177307000000000♠177,307 | 7005177307000000000♠177,307 | Colombian conflict atrocities against civilians | Colombia | 1964 | ongoing | [336] |
7005170461000000000♠170,461 | 7005155923000000000♠155,923 | 7005186355000000000♠186,355 | Iraq War Atrocities against civilians | Iraq | 2003 | 2011 | Numbers come from Iraq Body Count Project[337][338] |
7005158114000000000♠158,114 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000[339][340] | 7005250000000000000♠250,000[341][342] | War in the Vendée | France during the French Revolution | 7003179300000000000♠1793 | 7003179600000000000♠1796 | Described as genocide by some historians but this claim has been widely discounted.[343] See also French Revolution. |
7005155119000000000♠155,119 | 7005106000000000000♠106,000 | 7005227000000000000♠227,000 | Viet Cong Atrocities | Vietnam | 1955 | 1975 | [344] |
7005151186000000000♠151,186 | 7005125000000000000♠125,000[345] | 7005182857000000000♠182,857+[346] | Islamist Terrorism since 9/11 | worldwide | 2001 | ongoing | Death toll depends on how Terrorist attack is defined. |
7005136931000000000♠136,931 | 7004750000000000000♠75,000 | 7005250000000000000♠250,000 | First and Second Chechen Wars Atrocities against civilians | Chechnya | 1994–1996 | 1999–2009 | [347][348][349][350] |
7005127232000000000♠127,232 | 7004570000000000000♠57,000 | 7005284000000000000♠284,000 | Atrocities caused by South Vietnam during Diem era and Vietnam War | Vietnam | 1954 | 1975 | [353] |
7005100000000000000♠100,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | Crimes of the Lord's Resistance Army | Uganda, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo | 1986 | 2009 | Looking back at the LRA's (a rebel group and heterodox Christian cult which operates in northern Uganda, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) campaign of violence, The Guardian stated in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves. |
7005100000000000000♠100,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | 7005100000000000000♠100,000 | Crimes of the National Islamic Front | Sudan | 1964 | 1999 | Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.[354] |
7005100000000000000♠100,000+ | 7005100000000000000♠100,000+[355] | 7005100000000000000♠100,000+[356] | West Papua Atrocities | West Papua | 1963 | Ongoing | Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963 they've been accused the population of West Papua has had over 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a police state. |
7004878990000000000♠87,899 | 7004814260000000000♠81,426 | 7004948860000000000♠94,886+ | Ongoing Syrian Civil War Atrocities against civilians | Syria | 2011 | ongoing | See List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War |
7004685560000000000♠68,556+ | 7004470000000000000♠47,000[357] | 7005100000000000000♠100,000+[358] | Kashmir Conflict | Jammu and Kashmir, India | 1947 | ongoing | See Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir Death toll may include non-civilian victims |
7004721110000000000♠72,111 (All Victims) 7004223610000000000♠22,361 (Civilian massacre victims) |
7004130000000000000♠13,000[359] (All Victims) 7003500000000000000♠5,000 (Civilian massacre victims) |
7005400000000000000♠400,000[360] (All Victims) 7005100000000000000♠100,000[361] (Civilian massacre victims) |
The Rape of Nan(j/k)ing | Nanking, China | 7003193700000000000♠1937 | 7003193800000000000♠1938 | The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937. See Death toll of the Nanking Massacre |
7005400000000000000♠400,000 (All Victims) |
The Rapes of Nanjing | Nanking, China | 7003193700000000000♠1937 | 7003193800000000000♠1938 | See Death toll of the Nanking Massacre
| ||
7004687840000000000♠68,784 | 7004610070000000000♠61,007[362] | 7004775520000000000♠77,552 | Internal conflict in Peru | Peru | 7003198000000000000♠1980 | 7003200000000000000♠2000 | Internal conflict between the Peruvian Army and guerrilla fighters in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved. All of the armed actors in the war (both terrorists and the Peruvian Army) deliberately targeted and killed civilians, making the conflict more bloody than any other war in Peruvian history since the European colonization of the country. Death toll may include non-civilian victims |
7004416180000000000♠24,495 to 70,711 | 7004173210000000000♠15,000 to 20,000[363] | 7005100000000000000♠40,000 to 250,000[364] | Sheikh Said rebellion | Turkey | 1925 | 1925 | Sheikh Said Rebellion (Kurdish:Serhildana Şêx Seîdê Pîran, Turkish: Şeyh Said İsyanı, was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System and used elements of Kurdish nationalism to recruit.[365] It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers also known as Hamidiye soldiers. The rebellion was particularly of two Kurdish groups, the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions".[366] |
7004262700000000000♠26,270 | 7004262700000000000♠26,270 | 7004262700000000000♠26,270 | Amero-Afghan War Atocities against civilians | Afghanistan | 2001 | 2014 | [367] |
7004188000000000000♠18,800 | 7004188000000000000♠18,800 | 7004188000000000000♠18,800+ | Crimes of ISIL | Iraq, Syria, sporadic terrorism worldwide | 2011 | ongoing | Death toll from ISIL listed is only over the course of 2 years and occurred only in Iraq so death toll is certainly higher.[368] |
7004167330000000000♠16,733 | 7003700000000000000♠7,000[369] | 7004400000000000000♠40,000[370] | War Crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War | Sri Lanka | 2009 | 2009 | There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.[371][372]
See Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War |
7004150000000000000♠15,000 | 7004150000000000000♠15,000 | 7004150000000000000♠15,000[373] | First Sack of Thessalonica | Byzantine Empire | 7002904000000000000♠904 | 7002904000000000000♠904 | The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves. |
7004103920000000000♠10,392 | 7003600000000000000♠6,000 | 7004180000000000000♠18,000 | Child Soldierhood of Iran | Iran | 1980 | 1988 | 3% of 2 to 6 hundred thousand casualties.[374][375][376][377][378][379][380][381][382][383] |
7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | 7004100000000000000♠10,000 | Algerian Civil War Massacres | Algeria | 1991 | 2002 | [384][385] |
7003762800000000000♠7,628 | 7003762800000000000♠7,628 | 7003762800000000000♠7,628+ | Balochistan conflict atrocities against civilians | Balochistan, Pakistan | 1937–1977, 2004–2009 |
ongoing | [386][387][388] |
7003547700000000000♠5,477 | 7003500000000000000♠5,000 | 7003600000000000000♠6,000 | Civilians killed by US Soldiers in Vietnam War | Vietnam | 1955 | 1975 | |
7003380000000000000♠3,800 | 7003380000000000000♠3,800 | 7003380000000000000♠3,800+ | Civilians killed in Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War | Syria | September 2015 | ongoing | See Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War |
7003297700000000000♠2,977 | 7003297700000000000♠2,977 | 7003297700000000000♠2,977 | 9/11 Terrorist Attacks | United States | 9/11/2001 | 9/11/2001 | [391] |
7003200000000000000♠2,000 | 7003200000000000000♠2,000 | 7003200000000000000♠2,000 | Civilians killed in War in Donbass | Donbass, Ukraine | 2014 | ongoing | [392] |
7003126900000000000♠1,269 | 7002460000000000000♠460[393] | 7003350000000000000♠3,500[394] | Sabra and Shatila massacre | West Beirut, Lebanon | September 16, 1982 | September 18, 1982 | Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians. |
7002365000000000000♠365+ | 7002138000000000000♠138[395] | 7002965000000000000♠965[396] +/- hundreds more[397] | Civilian casualties from US drone strikes | Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen | 2006 | ongoing |
قائمة الديكتاتوريات حسب عدد القتلى
النظام/الإمبراطوريات ، إلخ.
Geom. mean estimate | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
45٬825٬757 | 21٬000٬000[398] | 100٬000٬000[399] | Red Holocaust | worldwide | 1918 (Beginning with the Red Terror in Russia) | ongoing (North Korea) | The combined death toll of all communist regimes. |
47٬263٬517 | 31٬912٬000 | 70٬000٬000[400] | Mao Zedong Catastrophes | People's Republic of China | 1946 | 1976 | Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform. Minimum death toll is the minimum estimate of famine dead (15 million)[401] plus minimum estimate of land reform dead (0.8 million)[402] plus minimum estimate for Counterrevolutionaries dead (712,000) plus minimum estimate for Cultural Revolution dead (400,000)[403] plus minimum estimate for Laogai dead (15 million).[404] |
20٬736٬441 | 10٬000٬000 | 43٬000٬000[405][406] | Stalinist Crimes against humanity and genocide(s) | Soviet Union | 1922 | 1953 | The millions murdered by the regime of Joseph Stalin by famine, purges, labor camps, population transfer, deportations, and NKVD massacres. The minimum death toll (to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the USSR of those not killed in famine which range from 4 to 10 million.,[407][408][409] plus the minimum of those killed in famine which range from 6 to 8 million. Robert Conquest writer of the book The Great Terror started with the estimate with 30 million, a few years later putting it down to 20 million[410] and in his latest revision sais no less than 15 million perished.[411] Estimates before the release of the archives put those killed by Stalin as "low" as 3 million and as high as 60 million. |
13٬674٬790 | 11٬000٬000 | 17٬000٬000 | Nazi Holocaust | Nazi occupied Europe | 1939 | 1945 | Nazi Holocaust against Jews, Poles, Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs and Jehovah's Witnesses.+Soviet Famine |
10٬511٬124 | 5٬965٬000 | 18٬522٬000 | Conscription Killings and Man-made famine from the Chinese Nationalist Government | China | 1928 | 1946 | [412] |
9٬317٬081 | 3٬000٬000 | 28٬936٬000 | Japanese War Holocaust | In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific | 1895 | 1945 | Mass Killings 3,000,000 to 14,000,000 Famine and disease 8,136,000 to 14,936,000 |
6٬244٬998 | 3٬000٬000[ج] | 13٬000٬000[276] | Congolese Holocaust | Congo Free State | 1٬885 | 1٬908 | Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment. Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[278] |
2٬171٬381 | 1٬386٬734 | 3٬400٬000 | Khmer Rouge Holocaust | Democratic Kampuchea | 1975 | 1979 | The arbitrary torture, execution, starvation and enslavement of the population Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge for the sake of achieving Agrarian socialism, and the genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields. |
1٬989٬284 | 1٬439٬000 | 2٬750٬000 | Young Turk's Ottoman Holocaust. | Ottoman Empire | 1913 | 1922 | A collective term to refer to the various genocides and Ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks. Death toll is the combined death tolls of the Armenian Genocide (800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide (150,000 to 300,000), and Greek Genocide (289,000 to 750,000), and combined with the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon (200,000). |
1٬576٬388 | 710٬000 | 3٬500٬000 | North Korean Crimes against humanity (and possibly genocide) | North Korea | 1948 | ongoing | [413] North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world with the world's lowest human rights record. Over 200,000 people are interned in concentrations camps for either being political dissidents or being related to political dissidents where they are subject to slavery, torture, starvation, shootings, gassing, and human experimentation. |
906٬658+ | 240٬500 | 3٬418٬000+ | Crimes against humanity and genocide(s) under Suharto's Revolution and New Order | Indonesia | 1965 | 1998 | 65/66 Politicide- 78,500 to 3,000,000 Communists
|
867٬468 | 430٬000 | 1٬750٬000 | Crimes against humanity of Mengistu Haile Mariam | Ethiopia | 1977 | 1987 | Manmade Famine- 400,000 to 1,000,000 Politicide-30,000 to 750,000 |
700٬000 | 700٬000 | 700٬000 | Crimes of the FRELIMO | Communist Mozambique | 1975 | 1999 | See also Mozambican Civil War |
481٬756 | 214٬500 | 1٬082٬000 | Crimes of Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong | Vietnam | 1954 | 2000 | 95,000 Reeducation camps
|
7005429189000000000429,189 | 7005211000000000000211,000 | 7005873000000000000873,000 | Saddam Hussein's Crimes against humanity and genocide(s) | Baathist Iraq | 1979 | 2003 | 1991 Repression Massacre- 25 to 280 Thousand[416]
Minimum estimate is the minimum estimate of civilians killed by Saddam during Iran-Iraq War, Uprising and genocide of Kurds combined, while maximum is the maximum of the aforementioned combined with the maximum demographic decline of Mesopotamian Marshes. |
223٬607 | 100٬000 | 500٬000 | Personal Dictatorship of Idi Amin | Uganda | 1971 | 1979 | Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition earning him the nickname by critics "The Butcher of Uganda." |
161٬555 | 60٬000[421] | 435٬000 | Communist Repression of Romania | Romania | 1945 | 1964 | Does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies |
109٬545 | 60٬000 | 200٬000 | Tsardom of Ivan the Terrible | Russian Empire | 1533 | 1584 | [422] |
83٬666 | 70٬000 | 100٬000 | Communist Repression of East Germany | East Germany | 1945 | 1989 | Political repression in the Iron Curtain |
81٬240 | 31٬000[423][424] | 220٬000 | Communist Repression of Bulgaria | Bulgaria | 1944 | 1989 | Collecitization and political repression in Bulgaria |
65٬000 | 65٬000 | 65٬000 | Communist Repression of Czechoslovakia | Czechoslovakia | 1948 | 1968– | |
63٬246 | 50٬000 | 80٬000 | Personal Dictatorship of Francisco Macías Nguema | Equatorial Guinea | 1968 | 1979 | Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic, corrupt, and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history. Depending on the source, he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time. |
50٬000 | 50٬000 | 50٬000 | Personal Dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo | Dominican Republic | 1930 | 1938 | [425][426][427] |
42٬426 | 7004300000000000000♠30,000 | 7004600000000000000♠60,000 | Dictatorship of François Duvalier | Haiti | 1957 | 1971 | Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians and the exile of many more. |
7004400000000000000♠40,000 | 7004400000000000000♠40,000 | 7004400000000000000♠40,000 | Personal Dictatorship of Hissène Habré | Chad | 1982 | 1990 | In May 2016 Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.[428] |
7004292190000000000♠29,219 | 7003924000000000000♠9,240[429] | 7004924000000000000♠92,400 | Communist Repression of Cuba | Cuba | 1976 | ongoing | Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, who accuse the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses, including arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution.[430][431] |
7004224310000000000♠22,431 | 7004104820000000000♠10,482 | 7004480000000000000♠48,000 | Islamist Dictatorship of Iran | Iran | 1979 | ongoing | 4,482 to 30,000 in P.O.C. Massacre 6,000 to 18,000 Child soldiers killed |
7004220000000000000♠22,000 | 7004220000000000000♠22,000 | 7004220000000000000♠22,000 | Communist Repression of Poland | Communist Poland | 1945 | 1989 | |
7004137480000000000♠13,748 | 7003700000000000000♠7,000 | 7004270000000000000♠27,000[432] | Communist Repression of Hungary | Hungary | 1948 | 1956 | Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies. Extrapolate as you will.[433][434] |
7003950000000000000♠9,500 | 7003950000000000000♠9,500 | 7003950000000000000♠9,500 | Imperial Rule of Tiberius | Ancient Rome | 14 | 37 | [435] |
7003900000000000000♠9,000 | 7003900000000000000♠9,000 | 7003900000000000000♠9,000 | Imperial Rule of Caligula | Ancient Rome | 37 | 41 | [436] |
7003600000000000000♠6,000 | 7003600000000000000♠6,000 | 7003600000000000000♠6,000 | Personal dictatorship of Johnny Paul Koroma | Sierra Leone | 1997 | 1998 | |
7003575000000000000♠5,750 | 7003575000000000000♠5,750 | 7003575000000000000♠5,750 | Imperial Rule of Nero | Ancient Rome | 54 | 68 | [437] |
7003300000000000000♠3,000 | 7002100000000000000♠100[438] | 7004900000000000000♠90,000[439] | Personal dictatorship of Jean-Bedel Bokassa | Central African Republic | 1966 | 1976 | It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children. |
7003293500000000000♠2,935 | 7003293500000000000♠2,935 | 7003293500000000000♠2,935 | Imperial Rule of Claudius | Ancient Rome | 41 | 54 | [440] |
الكوارث الطبيعية ; المجاعة و المرض
ملاحظة: بعض هذه المجاعات والأمراض كان جزئيا بسبب الطبيعة. يتضمن هذا القسم المجاعات و الأمراض التي كانت تسبب فيها أو في تفاقمها الإنسان.
Geom. mean estimate | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
79٬937٬476 | 71٬000٬000 | 90٬000٬000 | Disease caused by Smoking | worldwide | 1930 | 1999 | [441][442] |
42٬426٬410 | 30٬000٬000 | 60٬000٬000 | Natural and Man Made Late-Victorian Colonial Famines | worldwide | 1876 | 1902 | A series of famines caused by the colonial policies of the countries they occurred in and the natural climate they coincided with. |
39٬171٬418
|
22٬400٬000
|
68٬500٬000
|
Communist Famines | worldwide | 1933
|
1998
|
Combined death toll of famines caused by Communist states as listed below. (Great Chinese Famine, Soviet famine of 1932–33, North Korean famine, Cambodian Holocaust Famine, 1983–85 famine in Ethiopia) (Russian Famine of 1921 may have been exacerbated by War Communism policies but it is debatable to what extent. Soviet famine of 1946–47 is debated between by caused more by government policy or war as well.) |
28٬722٬810 | 15٬000٬000 | 55٬000٬000[443] | Great Chinese Famine | People's Republic of China | 1958 | 1962 | During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.[444] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[445] |
23٬065٬130 | 19٬000٬000 | 28٬000٬000 | Famine and Disease during World War II | Worldwide | 1939 | 1945 | See World War II casualties |
11٬023٬579 | 8٬136٬000 | 14٬936٬000 | Famine and Disease under Japanese Imperialism | Japanese Empire | 1937 | 1945 | See World War II casualties Combined death tolls of China's, Vietnam's, Indonesia's and the Philippine's famine and disease. |
10٬816٬650 | 9٬000٬000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 13٬000٬000 | Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79 | China | 1876 | 1879 | ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts |
7٬071٬072 | 5٬000٬000[446] | 7007100000000000000♠10,000,000 | Russian famine of 1921 | Soviet Russia | 1921 | 1922 | See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union and Russian Civil War with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka |
7006707106800000000♠7,071,068 | 7006500000000000000♠5,000,000 | 7007100000000000000♠10,000,000 | Famine and Disease in China during Japanese Invasion | China | 1937 | 1945 | See World War I casualties |
7006692820000000000♠6,928,200 | 7006600000000000000♠6,000,000 | 7006800000000000000♠8,000,000[447] | Soviet famine of 1932–33 | Soviet Union | 1932 | 1933 | Majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations (including Ukraine) regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine known as the Holodomor. |
7006574518100000000♠5,745,181 | 7006541100000000000♠5,411,000 | 7006610000000000000♠6,100,000 | Famine and disease during World War I | Worldwide | 1914 | 1918 | See World War I casualties |
7006830000000000000♠8,300,000[448] | 7006610000000000000♠6,100,000[449] | 7007103200000000000♠10,320,000[450] | Great Famine of 1876–78 | British India | 1876 | 1878 | ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts |
7006452990100000000♠4,529,901 | 7006380000000000000♠3,800,000 | 7006540000000000000♠5,400,000 | African World War Famine | Africa | 1998 | 2004 | Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease. |
7006424264100000000♠4,242,641 | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000[451] | 7006600000000000000♠6,000,000[452] | Decommunization | Former States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Block | 1991 | 2000 | Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in Russia and other former Communist States after the fall of the Soviet Union. |
7006346410000000000♠3,464,100 | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 7006400000000000000♠4,000,000 | Bengal famine of 1943 | British India | 1943 | 1943 | The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports[453]
However, administrative policies in British India ultimately helped cause the massive death toll.[454] |
7007137000000000000♠13,700,000 | 7006840000000000000♠8,400,000 | 7007190000000000000♠19,000,000[455] | Indian famine of 1896–97, Indian famine of 1899–1900 | British India | 1896 | 1900 | ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts |
7006244949000000000♠2,449,490 | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000[456] | 7006300000000000000♠3,000,000[457][458] | Biafran Blockade during Nigeria's Civil War | Nigeria | 1967 | 1970 | More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockade throughout the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands of people starved to death every day as the war progressed. |
7006240000000000000♠2,400,000 | 7006240000000000000♠2,400,000[459] | 7006240000000000000♠2,400,000 | Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies | Indonesia | 1944 | 1945 | An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but mainly by the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population. |
7006122474500000000♠1,224,745 | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 | 7006150000000000000♠1,500,000 | Post-WWII Soviet Famine | Soviet Union | 1946 | 1946 | Debated whether it was caused by war or government policy more. |
7006106066000000000♠1,060,660 | 7005750000000000000♠750,000[460][461] | 7006150000000000000♠1,500,000[462] | Great Irish Famine[463] | Ireland | 1846 | 1849 | Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland—where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food—was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors which remain the subject of historical debate.[464][465] |
7005979795000000000♠979,795 | 7005240000000000000♠240,000.[466][467] | 7006400000000000000♠4,000,000[468] | North Korean famine | North Korea | 1994 | 1998 | The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Estimates of the death toll vary widely. Out of a total population of approximately 22 million, somewhere between 240,000 and 3,500,000 North Koreans died from starvation or hunger-related illnesses, with the deaths peaking in 1997. Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.[469] |
7005894427000000000♠894,427 | 7005400000000000000♠400,000[470] | 7006200000000000000♠2,000,000[471] | Vietnamese Famine of 1945 | Vietnam | 1944 | 1945 | The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam. |
7005871780000000000♠871,780 | 7005800000000000000♠800,000[472] | 7005950000000000000♠950,000[473] | Cambodian Holocaust Famine | Cambodia | 1975 | 1979 | An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famine perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, of which nearly half was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979. |
7005632456000000000♠632,456 | 7005400000000000000♠400,000[474] | 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000[475] | 1983–85 famine in Ethiopia | Ethiopia | 1983 | 1985 | The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, and in particular the one of 1983–5, were in large part created by government policies. |
7005336000000000000♠336,000 | 7005336000000000000♠336,000 | 7005336000000000000♠336,000 | Famine and disease under Japanese occupation of the Philippines | Philippines | 1942 | 1945 | See World War I casualties |
7005300000000000000♠300,000 | 7005300000000000000♠300,000 | 7005300000000000000♠300,000[476][477] | Cuban War of Independence Famine | Cuba | 1895 | 1898 | Most of dead in war perished from famine and disease. |
7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | 7005200000000000000♠200,000 | Great Famine of Mount Lebanon | Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Empire | 1915 | 1918 | Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000.[478] The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets and people were reported to be eating street animals while some even resorted to cannibalism.[479] |
7004700000000000000♠70,000 | 7004700000000000000♠70,000[480] | 7004700000000000000♠70,000 | Sudan famine | Sudan | 1998 | 1998 | The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.[481] |
n/a | 5000000000000000000♠0[482] | 7005576000000000000♠576,000[483] | Starvation caused by the Sanctions against Iraq | Iraq | 7003199000000000000♠1990 | 7003199800000000000♠1998 | According to Saddam Hussein's government, sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council indirectly caused excess deaths of young children. |
n/a | 0? | 7005275000000000000♠275,000? | Starvation from the Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes | Mesopotamian Marshes, Iraq and Iran | 1950s | 1990s | Only 20,000 Marsh Arabs were left in the region after the draining (out of half a million), though it is unknown whether this was caused by famine or migration, except for the 80 to 120 thousand who fled to Iran[420] And the 125,000 to 150,000 remaining in Iraq. |
الشغب أو الاضطرابات السياسية
Victims | Event | Country | City | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
200,000–2,000,000 | Partition of India and Pakistan | British India | Punjab & Bengal | 1947 |
200,000–300,000 | La Violencia | Colombia | Country-wide | 1948–1960 |
85,000–87,000 | 1959 Tibetan uprising | Tibet (China) | Lhasa | 1959 |
30,000 | Nika riots | Constantinople | 532 | |
6,667–20,000 | La semaine sanglante | France | Paris | 1871 |
10,000–30,000 | February 28 Incident | Taiwan (Republic of China) | 1947 | |
14,000–30,000 | Jeju Uprising | South Korea | Jeju island | 1948 |
13,000–15,500 | August Uprising | Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic | 1924 | |
10,000–40,000 | 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising | El Salvador | 1932 | |
10,000–20,000 | Romanian Peasants' Revolt | Romania | 1907 | |
10,000 | Kronstadt rebellion | Russia | Kronstadt | 1921 |
2,800–8,000 | 1984 anti-Sikh riots | India | New Delhi | 1984 |
7,500 | March 1st Movement | South Korea | Seoul | 1919 |
4,179–4,354 | Second Intifada | Israel/Palestinian territories | 2000–2005 | |
3,800 | Pitchfork Uprising | Russia | 1920 | |
532–60,000 | Iranian Revolution[484] | Iran | 1979 | |
3,000–10,000 | 8888 Uprising | Burma / Myanmar | 1987–1993 | |
2,204 | First Intifada | Israel/Palestinian territories | 1987 | |
47–2,000 | Banana Massacre | Colombia | Ciénaga | 1928 |
2,300 | Santa María School massacre | Chile | Iquique | 1907 |
1,104 | Romanian Revolution of 1989 | Romania | Bucharest and major cities | 1989 |
1,000–1,200 | May 1998 riots of Indonesia | Indonesia | Jakarta, Medan, Surakarta | 1998 |
132–4,000 | Bloody Sunday (1905) | Russia | Saint Petersburg | 1905 |
893 | 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes | Kyrgyzstan | 2010 | |
400 | Iranian pilgrim riot | Saudi Arabia | Mecca | 1987 |
379–1,526 | Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar) massacre | British India | Amritsar | 1919 |
360+ | Telangana movement (Hyderabad) | India | Hyderabad | 1969 |
338 | Tunisian Revolution | Tunisia | 2010–2011 | |
300–3,000 | Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 | China | Beijing | 1989 |
285 | Gordon Riots | England | 1780 | |
249 | 1929 Palestine riots | British Mandate for Palestine | 1929 | |
196 | 13 May incident | Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | 1969 |
187–1,500 | Andijan massacre | Uzbekistan | Andijan | 2005 |
139 | Cartoon Riots | 2006 | ||
121–797 | Euromaidan | Ukraine | Kiev | 2014 |
100 | Napoleon's "whiff of grapeshot" | France | Paris | 1795 |
100 | New York City draft riots | United States | New York City | 1863 |
95 | Jaffa riots | British Mandate for Palestine | Jaffa | 1921 |
94 | 1947 Jerusalem riots | Jerusalem | 1947 | |
94 | July Revolt of 1927 | Austria | Vienna | 1927 |
93 | Bahraini uprising of 2011 | Bahrain | 2011 | |
88 | 2012 Rakhine State riots | Myanmar | 2012 | |
84 | Riot and crushing during mass arrests | Thailand | Narathiwat Province | 2004 |
74 | Port Said Stadium riot | Egypt | Port Said | 2012 |
69 | Sharpeville massacre | South Africa | Sharpeville | 1960 |
53 | 1992 Los Angeles riots | United States | Los Angeles | 1992 |
50 | 2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots | Myanmar | 2013 | |
50 | Champ de Mars massacre | France | Paris | 1791 |
46 | Boipatong massacre | South Africa | Boipatong | 1992 |
45 | Polish 1970 protests | Poland | Gdynia, Szczecin, Gdańsk, and Elbląg | 1970[485] |
43 | Attica Prison riot | United States | Attica, New York | 1971 |
43 | 1967 Detroit riot | United States | Detroit | 1967 |
41 | 2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests | Afghanistan | 2012 | |
40–200 | Paris massacre of 1961 | France | Paris | 1961 |
40–50 | Midland Revolt | England | Newton, Northamptonshire | 1607 |
39+ | Tulsa race riot | United States | Tulsa, Oklahoma | 1921 |
36 | 1964 race riots in Singapore | Singapore | 1964 | |
34 | Watts Riots | United States | Los Angeles | 1965 |
30–300 | Tlatelolco massacre | Mexico | Mexico City | 1968 |
25 | Palingoproer | Netherlands | Amsterdam | 1886 |
25 | Corpus Christi massacre | Mexico | Mexico City | 1971 |
23–600 | Soweto uprising | South Africa | Soweto | 1976 |
22 | Eureka Rebellion | Australia | Ballarat | 1854 |
20 | Ludlow Massacre | United States | Ludlow, Colorado | 1914 |
18 | Maria Hertogh riots | Singapore | 1950 | |
17 | 6 February 1934 crisis | France | Paris | 1934 |
16 | Bloody Sunday (1921) | Northern Ireland | Belfast | 1921 |
14 | Bloody Sunday (1972) | Northern Ireland | Derry | 1972 |
13 | Socialist riot (1932) | Switzerland | Geneva | 1932 |
13 | Chinese middle schools riots | Singapore | 1956 | |
13 | Mendiola Street massacre | Philippines | 1987 | |
12 | 2011 Nakba Day | Israel/Palestinian territories | 2011 | |
11 | Peterloo Massacre | England | Manchester | 1819 |
9 | 1920 Nebi Musa riots | British Mandate for Palestine | Jerusalem | 1920 |
9 | Fusillade de Fourmies | France | Fourmies | 1891 |
5 | Ådalen shootings | Sweden | Ådalen | 1931 |
5 | 2011 England riots | United Kingdom | 2011 | |
5 | Boston Massacre | British America | Boston | 1770 |
5 | Greensboro massacre | United States | Greensboro, North Carolina | 1979 |
4 | Kent State shootings | United States | Kent, Ohio | 1970 |
4 | Hock Lee bus riots | Singapore | 1955 |
التضحية البشرية و طقوس الانتحار
يسرد هذا المقطع الوفيات بسبب ممارسة التضحية البشرية أو الانتحار.
Geom. mean estimate | Lowest estimate | Highest estimate | Event | Group | Location | From | To | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
316٬228 | 20٬000[486] | 5٬000٬000[487] | Human sacrifice in Aztec culture | Aztecs | Mexico | 700313010000000000014th century | 1٬521 | Skull racks: 60,000[488] to 136,000[489] |
13,000 | 13,000[490] | 13,000 | Human sacrifice | Shang dynasty | China | 1300 BC | 1050 BC | Last 250 years of rule |
12,284 | 12,284 | 12,284[491] | Suicide bombings during the Iraq War | Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) | Iraq | 2٬003 | 2٬011 | |
7٬941 | 7٬941[492] | 7٬941 | Ritual suicides | Sati | India | 1٬815 | 1٬828 | |
3٬912 | 3٬912 | 3٬912 | Kamikaze suicide pilots, see note[493] | Imperial Japan navy and army | Pacific theatre | 1٬944 | 1٬945 | |
913 | 913 | 913 | Jonestown murder-suicide[494] | Followers of The Peoples Temple cult | Jonestown | 7003197888000000000November 18, 1978 | 7003197889000000000November 19, 1978 | |
967 | 967[بحاجة لمصدر] | 967 | Mass suicide motivated religious and political. | Judean rebels | Masada | 7001732200000000000 Spring 73 CE | 7001734700000000000 | |
804 | 804 | 804 | Palestinian suicide attacks | Palestinian militants | Israel and Palestine | 7003198951000000000July 6, 1989 | 7003201629000000000April 18, 2016 | May only include victims |
الكوارث البشرية ; الفيضانات ، الغرق ، الانهيارات الأرضية
ملاحظة: هذه هي الفيضانات والانهيارات الأرضية التي تسبب البشر ، على سبيل المثال فشل السدود, الأسوار أو الجدران الاستنادية.
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 70062500000000000002,500,000–3,700,000[495] | 1931 China floods | China | 1٬931 |
2. | 7005900000000000000900,000–2,000,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood | China | 1٬887 |
3. | 7005500000000000000500,000–700,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood | China | 1٬938 |
4. | 7005380000000000000200,000–560,000 | Flight of the Boat People | Gulf of Thailand and Pacific Ocean | 1978–79 |
5. | 700426000000000000026,000[496]-230,000[497] | The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina. | China | 7003197567000000000August 1975 |
6. | 7005145000000000000145,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 1935 Yangtze river flood | China | 1٬935 |
7. | 7005100001000000000more than 100,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | St. Felix's Flood, storm surge | Netherlands | 1٬530 |
8. | 7005100000000000000100,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | Hanoi and Red River Delta flood | North Vietnam | 1٬971 |
9. | 7005100000000000000100,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | 1911 Yangtze river flood | China | 1٬911 |
10. | 700450000000000000050,000–80,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | St. Lucia's flood, storm surge | Netherlands, England | 1٬287 |
11. | 700410000000000000010,000–50,000[بحاجة لمصدر] | Vargas Tragedy, landslide | Venezuela | 1٬999 |
12. | 70032400000000000002,400[بحاجة لمصدر] | North Sea flood, storm surge | Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium | 700319538500000000031 January 1953 |
12. | 70032209000000000002,209[بحاجة لمصدر] | Johnstown Flood | Pennsylvania | 700318892500000000031 May 1889 |
انظر أيضا
قوائم أخرى نظمها عدد القتلى
- قائمة من الحوادث والكوارث من خلال عدد القتلى
- قائمة من المعارك وغيرها من الأحداث العنيفة من قبل عدد القتلى
- قائمة الأحداث اسمه المجازر
- قائمة الإبادة الجماعية من قبل عدد القتلى
- قائمة القتلة من قبل عدد من الضحايا
- قائمة الكوارث الطبيعية من خلال عدد القتلى
- قائمة الصراعات الجارية
- قائمة الكوارث في القارة القطبية الجنوبية قبل عدد القتلى
- قائمة الكوارث في أستراليا من قبل عدد القتلى
- قائمة الكوارث في كندا من قبل عدد القتلى
- قائمة الكوارث في كرواتيا قبل عدد القتلى
- قائمة الكوارث في بريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا من قبل عدد القتلى
- قائمة الكوارث في نيوزيلندا من قبل عدد القتلى
- قائمة الكوارث في بولندا من قبل عدد القتلى
- قائمة الكوارث في الولايات المتحدة من قبل عدد القتلى
قوائم أخرى مع مواضيع مماثلة
- قائمة وفيات غير عادية
- قائمة من الحوادث التي تنطوي على الطائرات التجارية
- قائمة من المعارك
- قائمة الكوارث
- قوائم الزلازل
- قائمة من المجاعات
- قائمة التاريخية الحرائق
- قائمة الغزوات
- قائمة المجازر
- قائمة أبرز الأعاصير المدارية
- قائمة أعمال الشغب
- قائمة من الحوادث الإرهابية
- قائمة الحروب
- قوائم السكك الحديدية الحوادث
المواضيع التعامل مع مواضيع مماثلة
- ضحايا حرب العراق
- Democide
- المجاعة
- الإبادة الجماعية
- الإبادة الجماعية في التاريخ
- الأمراض المعدية
- القتل الجماعي في ظل الأنظمة الشيوعية
- القتل الجماعي
- أخطر المعارك في تاريخ العالم
- الولايات المتحدة خسائر الحرب
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- ^ Charles Esdaile "Napoleon's Wars: An International History."
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{{استشهاد ويب}}
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تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ^ John Shertzer Hittell, "A Brief History of Culture" (1874) p.137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." cited by White
- ^ Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p.278.
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- ^ Nigel Bagnall., "The Punic Wars" June 23, 2005.
- ^ "Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war". مؤرشف من الأصل في 2004-12-10. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2004-12-10.
{{استشهاد ويب}}
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تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ^ Rummel, R.J., Statistics Of North Korean Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources, Statistics of Democide, 1997.
- ^ Derk Bodde, China's First Unifier: A Study in the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu, 280? – 208 BC, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967, p 5-6.
- ^ Chris Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed before the last campaign in 230–221 BC, Warlords of China, 700 BC to AD 1662, London: Arms and Armour, 1998, p 59.
- ^ "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2012-09-24.
- ^ Jones, Geo H., Vol. 23 No. 5, p. 254.
- ^ Buchenau، Jürgen (2005). Mexico otherwise: modern Mexico in the eyes of foreign observers. UNM Press. ص. 285. ISBN:0-8263-2313-8.
- ^ Horne، Alistair. A Savage War of Peace. ص. 538. ISBN:0-670-61964-7.
- ^ Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–5
- ^ Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, p. 164.
- ^ "Human costs of war: Direct war death in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan October 2001 – February 2013" (PDF). Costs of War. فبراير 2013. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-06-14.
- ^ "Update on Iraqi Casualty Data" by Opinion Research Business.
- ^ "Revised Casualty Analysis.
- ^ Reitlinger, Gerald.
- ^ "How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?"
- ^ "The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members".
- ^ "Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust – Eric Margolis". www.ukemonde.com.
- ^ Stanislav Kulchytsky, "How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933", Zerkalo Nedeli, 23–29 November 2002.
- ^ Stalislav Kulchytsky, "Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century" at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 July 2006), Zerkalo Nedeli, 2–8 October 2004 (in Russian), and (in Ukrainian) at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 March 2007)
- ^ Ellman, Michael (2005).
- ^ Michael Ellman, Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited Europe-Asia Studies, Routledge.
- ^ Snyder 2010, p. 53.
- ^ David R. Marples.
- ^ Deleting the Holodomor:Ukraine Unmakes Itself on World Affairs by Alexander J.Motyl http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/deleting-holodomor-ukraine-unmakes-itself
- ^ Sharp، Bruce (1 أبريل 2005). "Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-07-05.
- ^ Heuveline, Patrick (2001).
- ^ Purcell, Victor.
- ^ Quoted in Ibid., p. 239.
- ^ Chesneaux, Jean.
- ^ Rummel، R.J. "Statistics Of Russian Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE.
- ^ Czaplicka، M.A. (1918). THE TURKS OF CENTRAL ASIA IN HISTORY AND AT THE PRESENT TIME: AN ETHNOLOGICAL ENQUIRY INTO THE PAN-TURANIAN PROBLEM, AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL RELATING TO THE EARLY TURKS AND THE PRESENT TURKS OF CENTRAL ASIA. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press. ص. 16–17.
- ^ Prucha. Great Father. ص. 241. note 58
- ^ Ehle. Trail of Tears. ص. 390–92.
- ^ Thompson, Russel & Anderson (Editor). "Demography of the Trail of Tears". Trail of Tears. ص. 75–93.
{{استشهاد بخبر}}
:|author=
باسم عام (مساعدة) - ^ Carter (III), Samuel (1976). Cherokee sunset: A Nation Betrayed: A Narrative of Travail and Triumph, Persecution and exile. New York: Doubleday. ص. 232.
- ^ Curtis، Nancy C. (1996). Black Heritage Sites. United States: ALA Editions. ص. 543. ISBN:0-8389-0643-5.
- ^ Osborn, William M. (2001).
- ^ Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1994 [1894]. ص. 637.
- ^ "Residential School History: A Legacy of Shame" (PDF). Wabano Centre for Aboriginal Health. 2000. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-06-28.
- ^ "The Canadian Genocide: Tens of Thousands of CHILDREN Killed by the CHURCH". Humans Are Free.
- ^ Namely the 83% of the "fully identified" 42,275 civilians killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War.
- ^ Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total amount of person killed or disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war (at least 200.000).
- ^ ا ب Robins & Jones 2009، صفحة 50.
- ^ White، Matthew. "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century – Brazil". Necrometrics.
- ^ Carlos A. Floria and César A. García Belsunce, 1971.
- ^ ا ب Chapman 2010، صفحة 544.
- ^ Gardini، Walter (1984). "Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu". Anthropos. Bd. 79, H. 4./6.: 645–47.
- ^ Kiernan، Ben. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. ص. 374.
- ^ D'Costa, Bina (2011).
- ^ Sikand, Yoginder (2004).
- ^ Butalia, Urvashi (2000).
- ^ White، Matthew. "Albigensian Crusade". necrometrics.
- ^ Raphael Lemkin (2012). Steven Leonard Jacobs (المحرر). Lemkin on Genocide. Lexington Books. ص. 71. ISBN:978-0-7391-4526-5. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-02-14.
- ^ "Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33)". Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. 23 أكتوبر 1974. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-06-13.
- ^ Jack، Ian (20 مايو 2011). "It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. It's that we pay attention". The Guardian.
- ^ Bass، Gary (19 نوفمبر 2013). "Looking Away from Genocide". The New Yorker. ISSN:0028-792X. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-03-31.
- ^ The British Medical Journal in 2008, conducted a study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou estimated that up to 269,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict
- ^ "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history – Asia". BBC. 25 مارس 2010.
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
- ^ http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
- ^ Smith 1997, p. 600–1 n. 8
- ^ 'Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts', The Department of Information and International Relations: Central Tibetan Administration, 1996. p. 53
- ^ Kuzmin, S.L. Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation.
- ^ 897,000 Circassians were deported and killed in an event similar in time period and method to this one and of those about 45% died.
- ^ "Jasenovac". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- ^ "Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia"
- ^ Tomasz Szarota & Wojciech Materski (2009), Polska 1939–1945.
- ^ White، Matthew. "20th Century death tolls larger than one million but fewer than 5 million people-Cambodia". necrometrics.
- ^ Totten، Samuel؛ William S. Parsons؛ Israel W. Charny (2004). Century of genocide:. Routledge. ص. 345. ISBN:0-415-94430-9.
- ^ Hannum, Hurst (1989).
- ^ CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".
- ^ Reyntjens, Filip.
- ^ Democratic Republic of Congo.
- ^ 《晉書·卷一百七》 Jin Shu Original text 閔躬率趙人誅諸胡羯,無貴賤男女少長皆斬之,死者二十余萬,屍諸城外,悉為野犬豺狼所食。屯據四方者,所在承閔書誅之,于時高鼻多須至有濫死者半。
- ^ "Of all these doings in Cromwell's Irish Chapter, each of us may say what he will.
- ^ Philip McKeiver in his, 2007, A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign ISBN 978-0-9554663-0-4 and Tom Reilly, 1999, Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy ISBN 0-86322-250-1
- ^ Coyle، Eugene (Winter 1999). "Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy, Tom Reilly [review of]". Book Reviews. History Ireland. ج. 7 ع. 4. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-10-10.
- ^ Dutton، Donald G. (2007). The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence: Why "normal" People Come to Commit Atrocities. Greenwood Publishing Group. ص. 14. ISBN:9780275990008.
- ^ Friedman، Mark (2013). Genocide (Hot Topics). Raintree. ص. 58. ISBN:9781406235081.
- ^ "Microsoft Word – Letters9" (PDF). اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-03-24.
- ^ Sudan president charged with genocide in Darfur, Associated Press.
- ^ Quantifying Genocide in Darfur Dr. Eric Reeves, 28 April 2006 نسخة محفوظة 28 يوليو 2011 في Wayback Machine
- ^ "U.N.: 100,000 more dead in Darfur than reported". CNN. 22 أبريل 2008. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-04-22.
- ^ "Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict". BBC News. 8 فبراير 2010. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-03-24.
- ^ "Reuters AlertNet – Darfur conflict". Alertnet.org. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-03-24.
- ^ "The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir". International Criminal Court. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-24.
- ^ http://works.bepress.com/robert_cribb/2/ How many deaths?
- ^ Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oublié, L'Hartman, 1992.
- ^ "Conflict-related deaths in Timor-Leste 1974–1999" (PDF). Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-12-29.
- ^ Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor, Human Rights Watch, New York, 1989, p. 253.
- ^ http://www.yale-university.org/gsp/publications/KiernanRevised1.pdf
- ^ The Reconstruction of Nations, 2004
- ^ W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach, 2009, page 13
- ^ Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pages 447–448
- ^ Terles In Ethnic Cleansing p61
Czesław Partacz Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. - ^ "Uchwala Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 lipca 2009 r. w sprawie tragicznego losu Polakow na Kresach Wschodnich". Biuro Prasowe Kancelarii Sejmu. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2011-08-17.
- ^ W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości, że zbrodnie, których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej, noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa.
- ^ Timothy Snyder A fascist hero in democratic Kiev.
- ^ Keith Darden.
- ^ J. P. Himka.
- ^ Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła".
- ^ Timothy Snyder.
- ^ Weinberg, Robert.
- ^ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/pogroms.html#4
- ^ Robins & Jones 2009، صفحة 1.
- ^ "Iraqi Anfal". Human Rights Watch. 1993. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-08-31.
- ^ "Frontline"
- ^ Horne، Alistair. A Savage War of Peace. ص. 537. ISBN:0-670-61964-7.
- ^ "Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008" (PDF). Genocide Watch. ©2008 Genocide Watch.
- ^ Noorani، A.G. "Of a massacre untold". Frontline.
- ^ Thompson، Mike. "Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre". BBC.
- ^ Lukas, Richard C. (2012).
- ^ "The Rape of Warsaw".
- ^ Walter Laqueur, Judith Tydor Baumel (2001).
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Witch
- ^ "THE 1992–95 WAR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: CENSUS-BASED MULTIPLE SYSTEM ESTIMATION OF CASUALTIES' UNDERCOUNT" (pdf). ICTY. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-01-27.
{{استشهاد ويب}}
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تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ^ Lara J. Nettelfield (2010). Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cambridge University Press. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-07-22.
- ^ "After years of toil, book names Bosnian war dead". Reuters. 15 فبراير 2013.
- ^ Biondich, Mark.
- ^ Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe.
- ^ Rudolph J. Rummel، Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN:978-1-56000-927-6.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}
: تأكد من صحة قيمة|first=
(مساعدة) - ^ Naimark.
- ^ "Commission Calls 1916 Tsarist Mass Killings Of Kyrgyz Genocide Print Share". Radio Free Europe.
- ^ Krugosvet Encyclopaedia.
- ^ "Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008" (PDF). Genocide Watch. ©2008 Genocide Watch.
- ^ Budapest Declaration and Geneva Declaration on Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia between 1992 and 1993 adopted by the OSCE and recognized as ethnic cleansing in 1994 and 1999
- ^ The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, p 27
- ^ Anatol Lieven, "Victorious Abkhazian Army Settles Old Scores in An Orgy of Looting, THe Times, 4 October 1993
- ^ In Georgia, Tales of Atrocities Lee Hockstander, International Herald Tribune, 22 October 1993
- ^ The Human Rights Field Operation: Law, Theory and Practice, Abkhazia Case, Michael O'Flaherty
- ^ The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, Michael Bourdeaux, p. 237
- ^ Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alekseĭ Georgievich Arbatov, p. 388
- ^ On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union Georgiy I. Mirsky, p. 72
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- ^ Gruson، Sidney. "Mao Text Shows Reds 'Liquidated' 800,000 Since '49". New York Times.
- ^ Maurice Meisner (1999). Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic (ط. 3rd). Free Press. ص. 354. ISBN:978-0684856353.
- ^ Aikman, David.
- ^ http://www.distributedrepublic.net/archives/2006/05/01/how-many-did-stalin-really-murder/
- ^ http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/PERSONAL.
- ^ Getty, J. A.؛ Rittersporn, G. T.؛ Zemskov, V. N. (1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years". American Historical Review. ج. 98 ع. 4: 1017–49. DOI:10.2307/2166597. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2008-06-11.
{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}
: الوسيط غير المعروف|deadurl=
تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ^ Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. ج. 48 ع. 8: 1319–1353. DOI:10.1080/09668139608412415. JSTOR:152781.
- ^ Wheatcroft, Stephen (1990). "More light on the scale of repression and excess mortality in the Soviet Union in the 1930s" (PDF). Soviet Studies. ج. 42 ع. 2: 355–367. DOI:10.1080/09668139008411872. JSTOR:152086.
- ^ Conquest, Robert (1991) The Great Terror: A Reassessment, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507132-8
- ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls".
- ^ R.J.Rummel. "CHINA'S BLOODY CENTURY".
- ^ R.J.Rummel. "Statistics Of North Korean Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE.
- ^ Rummel, Rudolph (1997), Statistics of Vietnamese Democide, in his Statistics of Democide, Table 6.1A, line 467 & Table 6.1B, lines 675, 730, 749–751.
- ^ The Associated Press of 1979
- ^ Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath, Human Rights Watch, June 1992.
- ^ Rumel, Rudolph. "Lesser Murdering States, Quasi-States, and Groups: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". Power Kills. University of Hawai'i.
- ^ "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991.
- ^ Iraq's Marsh Arabs, Modern Sumerians – The Oregonian, May 14, 2003
- ^ ا ب Cole, p.13
- ^ Valentino (2005) Final solutions Table 2 found at p. 75.
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#IvanT
- ^ Hanna Arendt Center in Sofia, with Dinyu Sharlanov and Venelin I. Ganev.
- ^ Шарланов, Диню. История на комунизма в Булгария: Комунизирането на Булгариия. Сиела, 2009.
- ^ "La matanza de 1937 – La Lupa Sin Trabas". La Lupa Sin Trabas. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2013-12-03.
- ^ Capdevilla (1998)
- ^ Eric Paul Roorda (1996). "Genocide next door: the Good Neighbor policy, the Trujillo regime, and the Haitian massacre of 1937". Diplomatic History. ج. 20 ع. 3: 301–319. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x.
- ^ "Chad's former president has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Who's next?". The Economist. 1 يونيو 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-06-02.
- ^ "It has so far verified the names of 9,240 victims of the Castro regime and the circumstances of their deaths.
- ^ "Information about human rights in Cuba" (بالإسبانية). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. 7 Apr 1967. Archived from the original on 2006-06-14. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
{{استشهاد ويب}}
: الوسيط غير المعروف|deadurl=
تم تجاهله (help) - ^ "Castro sued over alleged torture". News from Russia. 16 نوفمبر 2005. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2006-07-09.
- ^ http://www.scottmanning.com/content/communist-body-count/
- ^ [[#CITEREF|]]
- ^ [[#CITEREF|]]
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm
- ^ Papa in the Dock Time Magazine
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-2091670/Hitler-Stalin-The-murderous-regimes-world.html
- ^ http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm
- ^ White، Matthew. "Necrometrics – Estimated Totals for the Entire 20th Century". Necrometrics.
- ^ R. Peto (23 مايو 1992). Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics.
- ^ Wemheuer, Felix (يوليو 2011). "Sites of horror: Mao's Great Famine [with response]". The China Journal ع. 66: 155–164. JSTOR:41262812.
- ^ Becker, Jasper (1998).
- ^ Dikötter, Frank.
- ^ "How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine".
- ^ "Ukraine – The famine of 1932–33". Encyclopædia Britannica. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-06-26.
- ^ "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-11-20.
- ^ Seavoy، Ronald (1986). Famine in Peasant Societies. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN:9780313251306.
- ^ Digby، William (1901). 'Prosperous' British India. T. Fisher Unwin. ص. 128. OCLC:6671095.
- ^ Hough، Jerry (18 أغسطس 1998). "See http://necrometrics.com/all20c.htm". LA Times.
{{استشهاد بخبر}}
: روابط خارجية في
(مساعدة)روابط خارجية في|title=
|title=
(مساعدة) - ^ See http://necrometrics.com/all20c.htm (27 يناير 2000). La Times (London) http://necrometrics.com/all20c.htm.
{{استشهاد بخبر}}
: الوسيط|title=
غير موجود أو فارغ (مساعدة) وروابط خارجية في
(مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: أسماء عددية: قائمة المؤلفين (link)مفقود أو فارغ|last=
|title=
(مساعدة) - ^ Nicholas Tarling (Ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.
- ^ Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II.
- ^ "Notes from India". The Lancet. ج. 157. 1901.
- ^ Stevenson, "Capitol Gains" (2014), p. 314.
- ^ "Biafra/Nigeria". eNotes.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2009-08-30.
- ^ "Nigerian Civil War". Polynational War Memorial. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-01-04.
- ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) 'Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950.'
- ^ Foster, R.F. 'Modern Ireland 1600–1972'.
- ^ Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1.
- ^ Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds).
- ^ The Great Irish Famine[وصلة مكسورة] Approved by the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education on 10 September 1996, for inclusion in the Holocaust and Genocide Curriculum at the secondary level.
- ^ Cecil Woodham-Smith (1991). The great hunger: Ireland 1845–1849. Penguin Books. ص. 19. ISBN:978-0-14-014515-1.
- ^ Christine Kinealy (2006). This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–52. ISBN:978-0-7171-4011-4.
- ^ Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures, Institute for International Economics.
- ^ Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel. 2012.
- ^ The resource above is based on Andrew S. Natsios states, "From 1994 to 1998, 2–3 million people died of starvation and hunger-related illnesses, and the famine has generated a range of social and political effects."
- ^ Daniel Goodkind؛ Loraine West؛ Peter Johnson (28 مارس 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993–2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2014-11-08.
- ^ Charles Hirschman et al.
- ^ Koh، David (21 أغسطس 2008). "Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945". The Straits Times. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-01-25.
- ^ Bruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.
- ^ Marek Sliwinski (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, p. 82.
- ^ de Waal، Alex (2002) [1997]. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. James Currey. ISBN:0-85255-810-4.
{{استشهاد بكتاب}}
: الوسيط|ref=harv
غير صالح (مساعدة) - ^ "Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine".
- ^ Sheina, Robert L., Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 (2003)
- ^ COWP: Correlates of War Project, University of Michigan
- ^ Harris 2012, p.174
- ^ Ghazal، Rym (14 أبريل 2015). "Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18". The National. The National. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-01-24.
- ^ Ó Gráda، Cormac (2009)، Famine: a short history، Princeton University Press، ص. 24، ISBN:978-0-691-12237-3.
- ^ Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily CNN, Accessed May 25, 2006
- ^ Spagat، Michael (سبتمبر 2010). "Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions" (PDF). Significance (journal).
- ^ Garfield، Richard (1999). "Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children from 1990 Through 1998: Assessing the Impact of the Gulf War and Economic Sanctions". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2013-07-09.
{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}
: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب|دورية محكمة=
(مساعدة) - ^ A Question of Numbers Web: IranianVoice.org August 08, 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar
- ^ http://www.grudzien70.ipn.gov.pl/portal/g70/254/1755/Lista_ofiar_Grudnia_03970.html
- ^ Cocker، Mark (1998). Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold.
- ^ Prescott، William (1843). History of the Conquest of Mexico.
- ^ Ruben Mendoza (2007) p. 407-408.
- ^ Harner (1977) p. 122
- ^ National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White
- ^ "Casualties in civilians and coalition soldiers from suicide bombings in Iraq, 2003–10: a descriptive study". The Lancet. 3 سبتمبر 2011.
- ^ Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", p.2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).
- ^ This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions.
- ^ The largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until the September 11, 2001 attacks.
- ^ "Worst Natural Disasters In History". Nbc10.com. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2010-08-11.
- ^ Dai Qing (1998). The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People. M.E. Sharpe. ص. 36. ISBN:978-0-7656-0206-0.
- ^ 230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in [[#CITEREF|]]
وسوم <ref>
موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "arabic-abajed"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="arabic-abajed"/>
أو هناك وسم </ref>
ناقص
وسوم <ref>
موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-roman"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-roman"/>
أو هناك وسم </ref>
ناقص