قائمة المجاعات: الفرق بين النسختين

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نسخة 20:04، 19 نوفمبر 2016

تصوير ضحايا المجاعة الآيرلندية الكبرى، 1845-1849

تتضمن المقالة التالية قائمة انتقائية لأكبر المجاعات المعروفة، مرتبة حسب تاريخ حدوثها:

بين عامي 108 قبل الميلاد و1911 بعد الميلاد، حدث في الصين ما لا يقل عن 1828 مجاعة كبرى، أو مجاعة واحدة تقريباً كل عام في إحدى المقاطعات الصينية أو أكثر. لكن هذه المجاعات تباينت من حيث شدتها.[1][2]

حصلت في بريطانيا حوالي 95 مجاعة خلال العصور الوسطى.[3][4]

التاريخ الحدث الموقع إجمالي الوفيات (تقديري)
441 BCE The first famine recorded in ancient Rome. روما القديمة[5]
26 BCE Famine recorded throughout شرق أدنى and بلاد الشام, as recorded by يوسيفوس فلافيوس يهودا (منطقة) 20,000+
400–800 CE Various famines in أوروبا الغربية associated with the سقوط الإمبراطورية الرومانية الغربية and its sack by ألاريك الأول. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of روما fell by over 90%, mainly because of famine and طاعون جستنيان.[6] أوروبا الغربية
639 Famine in Arabia during the خلافة إسلامية of عمر بن الخطاب[7] شبه الجزيرة العربية
750s الأندلس[8]
800–1000 Severe قحط killed millions of مايا people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization[9] Mayan areas of وسط أمريكا 1 million+
809 إمبراطورية الفرنجة[10][هل المصدر موثوق به؟]
875–884 Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;[11][12] هوانغ تشاو captured capital الصين
927–928 Caused by four months of frost[13][14] الإمبراطورية البيزنطية
1005 إنجلترا[15]
1016 Famine throughout أوروبا[16] أوروبا
1051 Famine forced the تولتك to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico[17] المكسيك (present day)
1064–1072 Seven years' famine in Egypt [18][19] مصر 40,000 [18]
1097 Famine and plague [20] فرنسا 100٬000
1230 Famine in the جمهورية نوفغورود[بحاجة لمصدر] روسيا
1229–1232 The Kangi famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.[21] Caused by volcanic eruptions.[22] اليابان
1235 Famine in England, 20,000 died in لندن alone[بحاجة لمصدر] إنجلترا 20,000
1255 البرتغال[23]
1275–1299 Collapse of the شعوب بويبلو القديمة, widespread famine occurred[24] الولايات المتحدة (present day)
1315–1317 المجاعة الكبرى (1315 - 1317) أوروبا[25]
1333–1337 الصين[26]
1344–1345 Famine in India, under the regime of محمد تغلق[27] الهند
1387 After تيمورلنك the Lame left أناضول, severe famine ensued[بحاجة لمصدر] أناضول
1396–1407 The Durga Devi famine الهند[28]
1441 Famine in مايابان المكسيك[29]
1450–1454 Famine in the إمبراطورية آزتك,[30] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.[31] المكسيك (present day)
1460–1461 Kanshō famine in Japan[بحاجة لمصدر] اليابان
1504 إسبانيا[32]
1518 البندقية[بحاجة لمصدر] إيطاليا (present day)
1528 Famine in لانغيدوك فرنسا[33]
1535 Famine in Ethiopia إثيوبيا
1567–1570 Famine in هرر (مدينة), combined with plague[بحاجة لمصدر]. Emir of Harar died. إثيوبيا
1586 Famine in England which gave rise to the Poor Law system[بحاجة لمصدر] إنجلترا
1601–1603 One of the worst famines in all of Russian history; famine killed as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of Tsar بوريس غودونوف's subjects; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.[34][35] Same famine killed about half إستونياn population. روسيا 2 million
1618–1648 Famines in Europe caused by حرب الثلاثين عاما أوروبا
1619 Famine in شوغونية توكوغاوا. During the فترة إيدو, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.[36] اليابان
1630–1631 Deccan Famine of 1630–32 (Note: There was a corresponding famine in northwestern China, eventually causing the أسرة مينغ to collapse in 1644) الهند
1648–1660 Poland lost an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and طاعون[بحاجة لمصدر] بولندا
1649 Famine in northern England [37] إنجلترا
1650–1652 Famine in the east of France [38] فرنسا
1651–1653 Famine throughout much of جزيرة أيرلندا during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland[39] جزيرة أيرلندا
1661 Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years[40] الهند
1670s and 1680s Plague and famines in Spain[بحاجة لمصدر] إسبانيا
1680 Famine in سردينيا[41] إيطاليا (present day) 80,000 [42]
1680s Famine in الساحل (أفريقيا)[38]
1690s Famine throughout اسكتلندا which killed 5-15% of the population [43] اسكتلندا
1693–1694 فرنسا 2 million[44][45]
1695–1697 Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of إستونياn and ليفونياn population (70,000–75,000 people). Famine also hit السويد (80,000–100,000 dead) The الإمبراطورية السويدية, of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were دومينيونs at that time 150,000-175,000
1696–1697 Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population[46] فنلندا, then part of السويد proper
1702–1704 Famine in هضبة الدكن [47] الهند 2 million [47]
1708–1711 Famine in بروسيا الشرقية killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population[48] بروسيا الشرقية 250٬000
1709–1710 فرنسا[49]
1722 شبه الجزيرة العربية[50]
1727–1728 Famine in the English Midlands[51] إنجلترا
1738–1756 Famine in West Africa, half the population of تمبكتو died of starvation[52] غرب أفريقيا
1740–1741 Great Irish Famine (1740–1741) جزيرة أيرلندا
1750–1756 Famine in the Senegambia region [53]
1764 Famine in نابولي[54] إيطاليا (present day)
1769–1773 مجاعة البنغال 1770,[55] 10 million dead (one third of population) الهند, بنغلاديش (present day) 10 million
1770–1771 Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands people التشيك (present day) 100,000+
1771–1772 Famine in ساكسونيا and southern Germany[بحاجة لمصدر] ألمانيا
1773 Famine in السويد[بحاجة لمصدر] السويد
1779 Famine in الرباط المغرب[56]
1780s Great Tenmei famine اليابان 20,000 – 920,000
1783 Famine in Iceland caused by لاكي eruption killed one-fifth of Iceland's population[57] آيسلندا
1783–84 Chalisa famine الهند 11 million[58]
1784 Widespread famine throughout Egypt[59] مصر
1784–1785 Famine in Tunisia killed up to one-fifth of all Tunisians[بحاجة لمصدر] تونس
1788 The two years previous to the أسباب الثورة الفرنسية saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong إل نينيو cycle[60] or caused by the 1783 لاكي eruption in آيسلندا.[61][62] فرنسا
1789 Famine in Ethiopia afflicted "amhara/tigray north"
1789–92 Doji bara famine or Skull famine الهند 11 million
1810, 1811, 1846, and 1849 Four famines in China الصين 45 million.[63]
1811–1812 Famine devastated مدريد[64] إسبانيا 20٬000[65]
1815 Eruption of جبل تامبورا, Indonesia. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine إندونيسيا 10,000
1816–1817 سنة بلا صيف أوروبا 65,000
1830–1833 Claimed to have killed 42% of the population الرأس الأخضر 30٬000[66]
1830s Tenpo famine اليابان
1837–1838 Agra famine of 1837–38 الهند 1 million
1845–1857 Highland Potato Famine اسكتلندا
1845–1849 مجاعة أيرلندا الكبرى in جزيرة أيرلندا killed more than 1 million people and over 1.5–2 million emigrated[67] جزيرة أيرلندا 1.5 million
1846 Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of البرتغال[بحاجة لمصدر] البرتغال
1849–1850 Demak and Grobogan in Central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought. إندونيسيا 83٬000[68]
1850–1873 As a result of إمبريالية, the حروب الأفيون and the تمرد تايبينغ, drought, and famine, the population of سلالة تشينغ dropped by more than 60 million[69] الصين 60 million
1860–1861 Upper Doab famine of 1860–61 الهند 2 million
1866 Orissa famine of 1866 الهند 1 million[70]
1866–1868 المجاعة الفنلندية. About 15% of the entire population died فنلندا, northern السويد 150,000+
1869 Rajputana famine of 1869 الهند 1.5 million[70]
1870–1871 Great Persian Famine of 1870–71 إيران (present day) 2 million[71]
1873–1874 Famine in أناضول caused by drought and floods[72][73] تركيا (present day)
1879 1879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality. جزيرة أيرلندا
1873–74 Bihar famine of 1873–74 الهند
1876–1879 Famine in India, China, البرازيل, Northern Africa (and other countries). Famine in northern China killed 13 million people.[74] 5.25 million died in the Great Famine of 1876–78 in India الهند, الصين, البرازيل, شمال أفريقيا (and other countries). 18.25 million in Northern China and India alone. British policies and drought were responsible for the deaths in India.[75][76] The famine in China was a result of drought influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.[77]
1878–1880 Famine in St. Lawrence Island, ألاسكا[78] الولايات المتحدة
1888–1889 Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern Bihar الهند
1888–1892 Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.[79][80] Conditions worsen with كوليرا outbreaks (1889–92), a حمى نمشية epidemic, and a major جدري epidemic (1889–90). إثيوبيا
1891–1892 روسيا 375٬000–500,000[81][82]
1896–1897 Famine in northern China leading in part to the ثورة الملاكمين الصين
1896–1902 Series of famines in India due to drought and British policies.[76][83][84] الهند 6 million (British Territories), Mortality unknown in Princely States
1904–1906 Famine in Spain.[85][86][87] إسبانيا
1907, 1911 Famines in east-central China الصين 25 million [88]
1914–1918 متصرفية جبل لبنان famine during الحرب العالمية الأولى which was caused by an الوفاق الثلاثي and الدولة العثمانية blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[89] لبنان 200,000
1916–1917 Famine caused by the British blockade of ألمانيا in WWI ألمانيا
1916–1917 Winter famine in روسيا[بحاجة لمصدر] روسيا
1917–1919 Persian famine of 1917-1918. As much as 1/4 of the population living in the north of Iran died in the famine[90][91] Although the research of Mohammad Gholi Majd alleges as many as 8-10 million killed, this is based on an original population estimate of 19 million. Other estimates place the original population at only 11 million, calling Majd's numbers heavily into question.[92][93] The Iranian government has stated that the famine was caused by the British (this is disputed) and that 8-10 million people died, this death toll also being in the American Archives[بحاجة لمصدر]. إيران (present day) As high as 8–10 million[94]
1918–1919 Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo رواندا and بوروندي (present day)
1917–1921 A series of famines in تركستان at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population[95] تركستان
1921 المجاعة الروسية لعام 1921 روسيا 5 million[96]
1921–1922 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan روسيا
1924–1925 Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished[97] روسيا
1928–1929 Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo رواندا and بوروندي (present day)
1928–1930 Famine in northern China. The قحط resulted in 3 million deaths الصين 3 million
1932–1933 Soviet famine of 1932–1933 and هولودومور الاتحاد السوفيتي and أوكرانيا 7–10 million in Ukraine, millions in Russia[98]
1936 الصين 5 million[99]
1940–1948 Famine in المغرب between 1940–48, because of refueling system instaured by France.[100] المغرب 200 000
1940–1945 Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis). Occupied Poland
1941–44 حصار لينينغراد famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About one million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).[101] روسيا 1 million
1941–1944 Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation.[102][103] اليونان 300٬000
1942–43 Chinese famine of 1942–43 خنان 2-3 million
1943 Bengal famine of 1943 بنغال 1.5-7 million
1943 Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to Congo رواندا and بوروندي (present day)
1944–45 الاحتلال الياباني للهند الشرقية الهولندية جاوة (جزيرة), إندونيسيا 2.4 million[104]
1944 Dutch famine of 1944 during الحرب العالمية الثانية هولندا 20٬000
1944 Rwanda famine of 1944 رواندا
1945 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 فيتنام 400,000–2 million
1947 Soviet Famine of 1947 الاتحاد السوفيتي 1–1.5 million[105][106]
1958 Famine in Tigray إثيوبيا 100٬000
1959–1961 The مجاعة الصين الكبرى. According to government statistics, there were 15 million excess deaths. الصين 15–43 million[107]
1966–1967 Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade إندونيسيا 50٬000[108]
1967–1970 Biafran famine caused by Nigerian blockade نيجيريا
1968–1972 Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people[109] موريتانيا, مالي, تشاد, النيجر and بوركينا فاسو 1 million
1972–1973 Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of هيلا سيلاسي and to ديرغ rule إثيوبيا 60٬000[110]
1974 Bangladesh famine of 1974 بنغلاديش 27,000
1975–1979 الخمير الحمر. An estimated 2 million كمبودياns lost their lives to قتل, forced labor and famine كمبوديا 2 million
1980–1981 Caused by drought and conflict[110] أوغندا 30٬000[110]
1984–1985 1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia إثيوبيا
1991–1992 Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war[110] الصومال 300٬000[110]
1996 North Korean famine.[111][112] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).[113] كوريا الشمالية 200٬000 to 3.5 million
1998 1998 Sudan famine caused by الحرب الأهلية السودانية الثانية and قحط السودان 70٬000[110]
1998–2000 Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by الحرب الإثيوبية الإريترية إثيوبيا
1998–2004 حرب الكونغو الثانية. 3.8 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية 3.8 million
2005–2006 2005–06 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa النيجر and غرب أفريقيا
2011–2012 Famine in Somalia, brought on by the قحط شرق أفريقيا 2011[114] الصومال
2012 Famine in West Africa, brought on by the جفاف الساحل 2012[115] السنغال, غامبيا, النيجر, موريتانيا, مالي, بوركينا فاسو

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Bibliography

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