*1 July – A new family of [[تترا كوارك]] particles – named X(4140), X(4274), X(4500), and X(4700) – is announced by researchers at the [[مصادم الهدرونات الكبير]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-just-discovered-an-entire-family-of-new-particles-in-the-lhc |title=Physicists have discovered what looks like an entire family of new particles in the LHC | work=Science Alert | date=1 July 2016| accessdate=2 July 2016}}</ref>
*4 July – NASA scientists announce the arrival of the ''[[جونو (مسبار)]]'' spacecraft at the planet [[المشتري]].<ref name="NYT-20160705">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA’s Juno Spacecraft Enters Jupiter’s Orbit |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html |date=5 July 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=5 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160630">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=All Eyes (and Ears) on Jupiter |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/science/jupiter-nasa-juno-hubble.html |date=30 June 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=1 July 2016 }}</ref>
*5 July – China completes construction on the world's largest [[مقراب راديوي]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/timeline/the-top-15-events-that-happened-in-space-in-2016/slide/7/|title=The top 15 events that happened in space in 2016|last=|first=|date=16 December 2016|work=|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=2016-12-16|via=|vauthors=Calandrelli E, Escher A}}</ref>
*11 July – Astronomers announce the discovery of [[2015 RR245]], a dwarf planet candidate in the [[حزام كايبر]] with a highly elliptical 700-year orbit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160711150825.htm |title=Astronomers discover new distant dwarf planet beyond Neptune | work=Science Daily | date=11 July 2016| accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160713">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Astronomers Discover New Likely Dwarf Planet, the Latest of Many |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/14/science/astronomers-discover-new-likely-dwarf-planet.html |date=13 July 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=14 July 2016 }}</ref>
*13 July – U.S. and Indian scientists report that [[غرافين]]-infused packaging is a million times better at blocking moisture than typical plastic.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160713101213.htm |title=Graphene-infused packaging is a million times better at blocking moisture | work=Science Daily | date=13 July 2016| accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref>
*20 July
**Using the Hubble telescope, scientists perform the first spectroscopy of the atmospheres of Earth-sized exoplanets (orbiting [[TRAPPIST-1]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/first-atmospheric-study-of-earth-sized-exoplanets-using-hubble-telescope |title=First atmospheric study of Earth-sized exoplanets using Hubble telescope | work=University of Cambridge | date=20 July 2016| accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature18641.html |title=A combined transmission spectrum of the Earth-sized exoplanets TRAPPIST-1 b and c | work=Nature | date=20 July 2016| accessdate=21 July 2016}}</ref>
**Scientists at Rice University announce a new titanium-gold alloy that is four times harder than most steels.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.rice.edu/2016/07/20/titanium-gold-new-gold-standard-for-artificial-joints-2/ |title=Titanium + gold = new gold standard for artificial joints | work=Rice University | date=20 July 2016| accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>
*21 July – The [[List of weather records]] in the [[نصف الأرض الشرقي]] is reported, with [[Mitribah]], [[الكويت]] reaching 54 °C (129.2 °F).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/eastern-hemispheres-alltime-temperature-record-kuwait-fries-in-54 |title=Eastern Hemisphere's All-Time Temperature Record: Kuwait Fries in 54°C (129.2°F) Heat | work=Weather Underground | date=22 July 2016| accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref> This is second only to [[وادي الموت]] in [[كاليفورنيا]], which saw 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in 1913.
*25 July
**Scientists report identifying a set of 355 [[جين]]s from the [[سلف شامل أخير]] (LUCA) of all [[متعضية]]s [[حياة]].<ref name="NYT-20160725">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |authorlink=Nicholas Wade |title=Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html |date=25 July 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=25 July 2016 }}</ref>
**Sex hormones can stimulate production of [[telomerase]], an enzyme naturally found in the human organism, new research shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160725224035.htm |title=Male hormone reverses cell aging in clinical trial |date=25 July 2016|publisher=Science Daily|accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref>
*26 July – [[سولار إمبلس (طائرة)]] becomes the first [[طائرة كهربائية]] to circumnavigate the Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36890563|title=Solar Impulse completes historic round-the-world trip|date=26 July 2016|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref>
*27 July
**[[Neonicotinoids]], the world’s most widely used [[مبيد حشري]], are found to reduce [[نحل]] sperm counts by almost 40%, as well as cutting the lifespan of bee drones by a third.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jul/27/leading-insecticide-cuts-bee-sperm-by-almost-40-per-cent-study-shows|title=Leading insecticide cuts bee sperm by almost 40%, study shows |date=27 July 2016|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers in Germany discover that bacteria from the human nose produces a novel [[مضاد حيوي]] which is effective against multiresistant pathogens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/07/27/potential-new-class-of-antibiotics-not-to-be-sniffed-at/|title=Antibiotics that could fight superbugs produced from bacteria in human nose |date=27 July 2016|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/news/press-releases/newsfullview-pressemitteilungen/article/im-menschlichen-koerper-schlummert-ein-potenzieller-lebensretter.html|title=A potential lifesaver lies unrecognized in the human body |date=27 July 2016|publisher=Universität Tübingen|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>
**Current levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases already commit the planet to air temperatures over many land regions being eventually warmed by greater than 1.5 degrees Celsius, according to new research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160727090403.htm |title=Current atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations likely commit to warmings greater than 1.5C over land |date=27 July 2016|publisher=Science Daily|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-36904990 |title=Debate needed on 1.5C temperature target |date=29 July 2016|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
*28 July – A new "vortex" laser that travels in a corkscrew pattern is shown to carry 10 times or more the information of conventional lasers, potentially offering a way to extend [[قانون مور]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160728155012.htm|title=Swirling data: Boosting computing power and info transfer rates tenfold |date=28 July 2016|publisher=Science Daily |accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref>
*29 July – The seafloor in the [[Clipperton Fracture Zone]] – an area in the [[المحيط الهادئ]] being targeted for [[Deep sea mining]] – is found to contain an abundance and diversity of life, with more than half of the species collected being new to science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-07/uoha-aad072616.php |title=Abundant and diverse ecosystem found in area targeted for deep-sea mining |date=29 July 2016|publisher=EurekAlert |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
===August===
*1 August – Using the DNA from over 450,000 customers of gene-testing company [[23andMe]], researchers identify for the first time 15 regions of the genome associated with [[اكتئاب (حالة نفسية)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160801113648.htm|title=Novel study method identifies 15 genomic regions associated with depression |date=1 August 2016|publisher=Science Daily |accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602052/23andme-pulls-off-massive-crowdsourced-depression-study/|title=23andMe Pulls Off Massive Crowdsourced Depression Study |date=1 August 2016|publisher=MIT Technology Review |accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref>
*3 August – Researchers pinpoint which of the more than 4,000 exoplanet candidates discovered by NASA's [[كيبلر (مسبار فضائي)]] are most likely to be similar to Earth. Their research outlines 216 Kepler planets located within the 'habitable zone', of which 20 are the best candidates to be habitable rocky planets like Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160803095204.htm|title=Most likely Earth-like exoplanets cataloged |date=3 August 2016|publisher=Science Daily |accessdate=4 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite arXiv|title=A Catalog of Kepler Habitable Zone Exoplanet Candidates|publisher=|date=1 August 2016|eprint=1608.00620|last1= Kane|first1=Stephen R.|last2= Hill|first2=Michelle L.|last3= Kasting|first3=James F.|author4=Ravi Kumar Kopparapu|last5= Quintana|first5=Elisa V.|last6=Barclay|first6=Thomas|last7= Batalha|first7=Natalie M.|last8= Borucki|first8=William J.|last9= Ciardi|first9=David R.|last10=Haghighipour|first10=Nader|last11= Hinkel|first11=Natalie R.|last12=Kaltenegger|first12=Lisa|last13=Selsis|first13=Franck|last14=Torres|first14=Guillermo|class=astro-ph.EP}}</ref>
* 4 August – A team at the University of Oxford achieves a quantum logic gate with record-breaking 99.9% precision, reaching the benchmark required to build a [[حاسوب كمومي]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.060504|title=High-Fidelity Quantum Logic Gates Using Trapped-Ion Hyperfine Qubits|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=117|issue=6|publisher=Physical Review Letters|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=7 August 2016|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.060504|last1=Ballance|first1=C. J.|last2=Harty|first2=T. P.|last3=Linke|first3=N. M.|last4=Sepiol|first4=M. A.|last5=Lucas|first5=D. M.|bibcode=2016PhRvL.117f0504B|pmid=27541450|pages=060504}}</ref>
* 5 August
**Analysis of an increased dataset at the [[مصادم الهدرونات الكبير]] suggests that the [[750 GeV diphoton excess]] observed in 2015<ref name="NYT-20151215">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Physicists in Europe Find Tantalizing Hints of a Mysterious New Particle |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/16/science/physicists-in-europe-find-tantalizing-hints-of-a-mysterious-new-particle.html |date=15 December 2015 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=15 December 2015 }}</ref><ref name="CMS-750GeV">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Search for new physics in high mass diphoton events in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV |url=http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/preliminary-results/EXO-15-004/index.html |date=15 December 2015 |work=[[لولب مركب للميون]] |accessdate=2 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="ATLAS-750GeV">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Search for resonances decaying to photon pairs in 3.2 fb-1 of pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector |url=https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/CONFNOTES/ATLAS-CONF-2015-081/ |date=15 December 2015 |work=[[تجربة أطلس]] |accessdate=2 January 2016 }}</ref> was probably just a statistical fluctuation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://press.cern/press-releases/2016/08/chicago-sees-floods-lhc-data-and-new-results-ichep-2016-conference|title=Chicago sees floods of LHC data and new results at the ICHEP 2016 conference|date=5 August 2015|accessdate=5 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160805">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=The Particle That Wasn’t |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/science/cern-large-hadron-collider-particle.html |date=5 August 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=5 August 2016 }}</ref>
**Research by Imperial College London suggests that a new form of [[ضوء]] can be created by binding it to a single [[إلكترون]], combining the properties of both.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-08/icl-sdl080516.php|title=Scientists discover light could exist in a previously unknown form |publisher=EurekAlert! |date=5 August 2016|accessdate=6 August 2016}}</ref>
* 6 August – Engineers at the University of California, Berkeley, create the first dust-sized wireless sensors that may be implanted within the body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sciencenewsjournal.com/engineers-create-first-dust-sized-wireless-sensors-can-implanted-human-body/|title=Engineers Create The First Dust-Sized Wireless Sensors That Can Be Implanted Into The Human Body |publisher=Science News Journal |date=6 August 2016|accessdate=7 August 2016}}</ref>
* 8 August – New research by Stanford University suggests that [[phase-change memory]] can be engineered to be 1,000 times faster, while using less energy and requiring less space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.stanford.edu/2016/08/08/memory-chips-1000-times-faster/|title=Stanford-led experiments point toward memory chips 1,000 times faster than today’s |publisher=Stanford University |date=8 August 2016|accessdate=8 August 2016}}</ref>
* 11 August
**[[الزهرة]] may have been habitable in the ancient past, with a shallow liquid-water ocean and much lower temperatures than today, according to NASA climate models.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable|title=NASA Climate Modeling Suggests Venus May Have Been Habitable|publisher=NASA |date=11 August 2016|accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref>
**The [[قرش غرينلاند]] (''Somniosus microcephalus'') is found to be the longest-lived [[فقاريات]], able to reach a lifespan of nearly 400 years.<ref name="SD-20160811">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160811143218.htm|title=Longest-lived vertebrate is Greenland shark: Lifespan at least 400 years|publisher=Science Daily|date=11 August 2016|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref>
* 12 August – Researchers at University College London devise a software algorithm able to scan and replicate almost anyone's [[handwriting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-37046477|title=Can a computer copy your handwriting?|publisher=BBC News|date=12 August 2016|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0816/110816-my-text-in-your-handwriting|title=New computer programme replicates handwriting|publisher=UCL|date=12 August 2016|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref>
* 15 August
**NASA reports that July 2016 was the hottest single month in recorded history (going back to 1880), at 1.51 degrees Fahrenheit (0.84 degrees Celsius) above the 1950-1980 global average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/nasa-month-earths-hottest-recorded-history-41403879|title=NASA: Last Month Was Earth's Hottest in Recorded History|publisher=ABC News|date=15 August 2016|accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref>
**NASA confirms that [[تصديع مائي]] is responsible for a huge [[ميثان]] hot spot in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/08/16/nasa-study-nails-fracking-source-massive-methane-hot-spot|title=NASA Study Nails Fracking as Source of Massive Methane 'Hot Spot'|publisher=Common Dreams|date=16 August 2016|accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-study-analyzes-four-corners-methane-sources|title=NASA Study Analyzes Four Corners Methane Sources|publisher=NASA|date=15 August 2016|accessdate=17 August 2016}}</ref>
**A possible new subatomic particle could provide evidence of a fifth [[قوة أساسية]], according to research published in ''Physical Review Letters'' by scientists at the University of California, Irvine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-08-physicists-discovery-nature.html|title=Physicists confirm possible discovery of fifth force of nature|publisher=PhysOrg|date=15 August 2016|accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref>
**Replacing tropical lowland forests with [[زيت النخيل]] can damage 11 out of 14 functions of a healthy ecosystem, some of which will be irreparable, concludes a study by the Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160815064942.htm|title=Reduced ecosystem functions in oil palm plantations|publisher=Science Daily|date=15 August 2016|accessdate=21 August 2016}}</ref>
* 16 August – MIT announces a breakthrough which can double lithium-ion battery capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2016/lithium-metal-batteries-double-power-consumer-electronics-0817|title=Doubling battery power of consumer electronics|publisher=MIT|date=16 August 2016|accessdate=19 August 2016}}</ref>
* 22 August – Researchers at Princeton demonstrate an open source 25-core chip that can easily be scaled to create a 200,000-core computer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-08/pues-nmd082216.php|title=New microchip demonstrates efficiency and scalable design|publisher=EurekAlert!|date=22 August 2016|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3111693/hardware/open-source-25-core-chip-can-be-stringed-into-a-200000-core-computer.html|title=Open source 25-core processor can be stringed into a 200,000-core computer|publisher=PC World|date=24 August 2016|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref>
* 24 August – Astronomers announce the detection of ''[[بروكسيما بي]]'', an [[كوكب أرضي]] [[كوكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية]] that is in the [[نطاق صالح للحياة]] of the [[قزم أحمر]] [[نجم]] [[قنطور الأقرب]], the closest star to the [[الشمس]].<ref name="NYT-20160824">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=One Star Over, a Planet That Might Be Another Earth |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/science/earth-planet-proxima-centauri.html |date=24 August 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=24 August 2016 }}</ref> Due to its closeness to [[الأرض]], ''Proxima b'' may be a flyby destination for a fleet of interstellar ''[[StarChip (spacecraft)]]'' spacecrafts currently being developed by the [[Breakthrough Starshot]] project.<ref name="NYT-20160824" />
* 25 August – Astronomers report that [[Dragonfly 44]], an [[ultra diffuse galaxy]] (UDG) with the mass of the [[درب التبانة]] [[مجرة]], but with nearly no discernable [[نجم]]s or galactic structure, might be made almost entirely of [[مادة مظلمة]].<ref name="AJL-20160825">{{cite journal |author=Van Dokkum, Pieter et al. |title=A High Stellar Velocity Dispersion and ~100 Globular Clusters For The Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy Dragonfly 44 |volume=828 |pages=L6 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8205/828/1/L6 |date=25 August 2016 |work=[[المجلة الفيزيائية الفلكية]] |accessdate=27 August 2016 |doi=10.3847/2041-8205/828/1/L6 }}</ref><ref name="NS-20160825">{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Shannon |title=Ghost galaxy is 99.99 per cent dark matter with almost no stars |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2102584-ghost-galaxy-is-99-99-per-cent-dark-matter-with-almost-no-stars/ |date=25 August 2016 |work=[[نيو ساينتست]] |accessdate=27 August 2016 }}</ref><ref name="WP-20160826">{{cite news |last=Feltman |first=Rachael |title=A new class of galaxy has been discovered, one made almost entirely of dark matter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/08/25/a-new-class-of-galaxy-has-been-discovered-one-made-almost-entirely-of-dark-matter |date=26 August 2016 |work=[[واشنطن بوست]] |accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref>
* 26 August – The University of Washington and The Nature Conservancy publish an animated map showing where mammals, birds and amphibians are projected to move in the Western Hemisphere in response to climate change.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washington.edu/news/2016/08/26/interactive-map-shows-where-animals-will-move-under-climate-change/|title=Interactive map shows where animals will move under climate change|publisher=University of Washington|date=26 August 2016|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref>
* 27 August – NASA's ''Juno'' probe makes a close pass of Jupiter, coming within {{convert|4,200|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the cloud tops – the closest any spacecraft has ever approached the gas giant without entering its atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37200337|title=Juno probe makes close pass of Jupiter|publisher=BBC News|date=27 August 2016|accessdate=27 August 2016}}</ref>
* 28 August
**HI-SEAS IV, the latest [[HI-SEAS]], an experiment to simulate a human colony on Mars, concludes after exactly one year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37211051|title=Nasa ends year-long Mars simulation on Hawaii|publisher=BBC News|date=29 August 2016|accessdate=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/news/2016/08/28/global-media-document-historic-university-of-hawaii-mars-simulation/|title=Global media document historic University of Hawaiʻi Mars simulation|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi|date=28 August 2016|accessdate=29 August 2016}}</ref>
**DNA is sequenced in [[فضاء خارجي]] for the first time, with NASA astronaut [[Kate Rubins]] using a MinION device aboard the International Space Station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37223073|title=DNA sequenced in space for first time|publisher=BBC News|date=30 August 2016|accessdate=31 August 2016}}</ref>
*31 August
**The world's oldest known [[مستحاثة]], which may be [[ستروماتوليت]], are claimed to have been found on a wavy rock feature in southwestern [[جرينلاند]], possibly [[تولد تلقائي]].<ref name="NYT-20160831">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |title=World’s Oldest Fossils Found in Greenland |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/science/oldest-fossils-on-earth.html |date=31 August 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=31 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37235447|title=Wavy Greenland rock features 'are oldest fossils'|publisher=BBC News|date=31 August 2016|accessdate=31 August 2016}}</ref>
**[[Aducanumab]], a new antibody, is shown to significantly reduce harmful beta-amyloid plaques in patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160831133555.htm|title=Antibody reduces harmful brain amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's patients|publisher=Science Daily|date=31 August 2016|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref>
===September===
*1 September – An [[Solar eclipse of September 1, 2016]] occurs.
*2 September – Carbon nanotube transistors are shown to outperform silicon for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-09-carbon-nanotube-transistors-outperform-silicon.html|title=For first time, carbon nanotube transistors outperform silicon|publisher=Phys.org|date=2 September 2016|accessdate=4 September 2016}}</ref>
*4 September – The [[الاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة]] (IUCN) changes the status of the [[باندا عملاقة]] from "endangered" to "vulnerable" after decades of conservation work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-37272718|title=Giant pandas rebound off endangered list|publisher=BBC News|date=4 September 2016|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref> However, the [[غوريلا شرقية]] – the largest living primate – is listed as Critically Endangered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iucnworldconservationcongress.org/news/20160904/article/four-out-six-great-apes-one-step-away-extinction-iucn-red-list|title=Four out of six great apes one step away from extinction – IUCN Red List|publisher=IUCN|date=4 September 2016|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref>
*5 September
**[[فيلة (مسبار)]], the lander of ESA's [[روزيتا]], is located on the comet [[المذنب تشوري]]; the exact position of the probe was not known earlier since its landing on the comet in November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Philae_found |title=PHILAE FOUND!|publisher=ESA|date=5 September 2016|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160905">{{cite news |last=Victor |first=Daniel |title=No Longer Missing: Rosetta’s Philae Spacecraft Located on Comet |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/science/philae-spacecraft-rosetta-comet.html |date=5 September 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=5 September 2016 }}</ref>
**[[تيفون]] in East Asia have grown 50% stronger in the past 40 years due to warming seas, according to a new study.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/05/asian-typhoons-becoming-more-intense-study-finds |title=Asian typhoons becoming more intense, study finds |publisher=The Guardian|date=5 September 2016|accessdate=5 September 2016}}</ref>
*7 September – One-tenth of the world's [[برية]] is reported to have disappeared in the last 20 years – an area twice the size of Alaska – with the Amazon and Central Africa being the hardest hit regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-09/jcu-oot090716.php |title=One-tenth of the world's wilderness lost in 2 decades |publisher=EurekAlert|date=7 September 2016|accessdate=10 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-09/cp-ato090216.php |title=A tenth of the world's wilderness lost since the 1990s |publisher=EurekAlert|date=8 September 2016|accessdate=10 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160908130838.htm |title=A tenth of the world's wilderness lost since the 1990s |publisher=Science Daily|date=8 September 2016|accessdate=10 September 2016}}</ref>
*8 September
**DNA testing of skeletal remains in London confirms that ''[[يرسينيا طاعونية]]'' was the bacteria responsible for the [[طاعون لندن العظيم]] of [[1665]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37287715 |title=DNA confirms cause of 1665 London's Great Plague |publisher=BBC News|date=8 September 2016|accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref>
**NASA launches the seven-year [[أوسايرس-ركس (مسبار)]] mission, which aims to reach the 500m-wide asteroid [[بينو 101955]] and bring a sample back to Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-speeds-toward-asteroid-rendezvous |title=NASA’s OSIRIS-REx Speeds Toward Asteroid Rendezvous |publisher=NASA|date=9 September 2016|accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37309903 |title=Asteroid probe begins seven-year quest |publisher=BBC News|date=9 September 2016|accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160908">{{cite news |last=Corum |first=Jonathan |title=NASA Launches the Osiris-Rex Spacecraft to Asteroid Bennu |url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/08/science/space/nasa-osiris-rex-launch.html |date=8 September 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=9 September 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160908-kc">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=The Osiris-Rex Spacecraft Begins Chasing an Asteroid |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/09/science/nasa-launches-osiris-rex-spacecraft-to-retrieve-asteroid-pieces.html |date=8 September 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=9 September 2016 }}</ref>
**A genetic analysis shows that the genus [[giraffe]], previously thought to contain one extant species, actually consists of four.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Quadruple Take on the Giraffe: There are Four Species, Not One|author=St. Fleur, Nicholas|date=2016-09-08|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/09/science/a-quadruple-take-on-the-giraffe-its-four-species-not-one.html|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2016-09-10}}</ref>
*10 September – The [[Campo del Cielo]] ever found is exhumed near [[Gancedo]], [[الأرجنتين]]. It weighs 30 tonnes and fell to Earth around 2000 BC.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's second-largest meteorite 'Gancedo' discovered in Argentina|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-14/worlds-second-largest-meteorite-discovered-argentina/7843574|publisher=ABC|date=14 September 2016|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>
*13 September – The European Space Agency releases the first batch of data from the [[غايا (مسبار فضائي)]], which has recorded the position and brightness of a billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37355154 |title=Gaia space telescope plots a billion stars |publisher=BBC News|date=14 September 2016|accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sci.esa.int/gaia/58272-gaia-s-billion-star-map-hints-at-treasures-to-come/ |title=Gaia's billion-star map hints at treasures to come |publisher=ESA|date=13 September 2016|accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref>
*14 September – Astronomers announce that the reddish-brown cap of the north pole of [[شارون (قمر)]], the largest of five [[أقمار بلوتو]] that orbit the [[كوكب قزم]] [[بلوتو]], is composed of [[tholin]]s, [[مركب عضوي]] [[جزيء ضخم]]s produced from [[ميثان]], [[نيتروجين]] and related gases released from the [[atmosphere of Pluto]] and transferred over about {{convert|19,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} distance to the orbiting moon.<ref name="NYT-20160914">{{cite news |last1=Bromwich |first1=Jonah Engel |last2=St. Fleur |first2=Nicholas |title=Why Pluto’s Moon Charon Wears a Red Cap |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/15/science/pluto-moon-charon.html |date=14 September 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=14 September 2016 }}</ref>
*16 September – The development of 1 [[terabit]]-per-second transmission rates over [[ليف بصري]] is announced by Nokia Bell Labs, Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and the Technical University of Munich.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://company.nokia.com/en/news/press-releases/2016/09/16/nokia-bell-labs-deutsche-telekom-t-labs-and-technical-university-of-munich-achieve-speeds-of-1-tb-per-second-in-groundbreaking-optical-technology-trial |title=Nokia Bell Labs, Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and Technical University of Munich achieve speeds of 1 Tb per second in groundbreaking optical technology trial |publisher=Nokia|date=16 September 2016|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>
*20 September
**Sandisk announces the first 1 [[تيرابايت]] [[سكيور ديجيتال]] at [[فوتوكينا]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sandisk.co.uk/about/media-center/press-releases/2016/western-digital-demonstrates-prototype-of-the-worlds-first-1terabyte-SDXC-card |title=Western Digital Demonstrates Prototype of the World's First 1 Terabyte SDXC Card at photokina 2016 |publisher=Sandisk|date=20 September 2016|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>
**A Japanese team accurately sequences a [[بطيء الخطو]] genome, finds minimal foreign DNA, and discovers a protein that confers resistance to [[إشعاع]] when transferred into human cells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12808 |title=Extremotolerant tardigrade genome and improved radiotolerance of human cultured cells by tardigrade-unique protein |publisher=Nature|date=20 September 2016|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160920131045.htm |title=Demystifying the resilience of water bears: Protein protects human cultured cells from radiation damage |publisher=Science Daily|date=20 September 2016|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>
*21 September – Scientists report that, based on [[جينوم بشري]], all [[حداثة سلوكية]] can be traced to a [[انسان عاقل حديث تشريحيا]] that [[نظرية الخروج من أفريقيا]] between 50,000 and 80,000 years ago.<ref name="NYT-20160921">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=How We Got Here: DNA Points to a Single Migration From Africa |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/science/ancient-dna-human-history.html |date=21 September 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=22 September 2016 }}</ref>
*22 September
**Meltwater ponds are reported in [[شرق القارة القطبية الجنوبية]] for the first time, after temperatures rose above 0 °C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/c5ae9754d38076fffdd98dc5fcd24b32.htm |title=East Antarctic meltwater ponds seen for first time |publisher=Science Daily|date=22 September 2016|accessdate=24 September 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers at the University of Toronto create the first map that shows the global genetic interaction network of a cell. It begins to explain how thousands of genes coordinate with one another to orchestrate cellular life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/landmark-map-reveals-genetic-wiring-cellular-life |title=Landmark Map Reveals the Genetic Wiring of Cellular Life|publisher=University of Toronto|date=22 September 2016|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>
*25 September – The [[فاست (تلسكوب)]] (FAST) becomes operational in [[قويتشو]], southwest [[الصين]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-09-china-world-largest-radio-telescope.html |title=China begins operating world's largest radio telescope|publisher=PhysOrg|date=25 September 2016|accessdate=26 September 2016}}</ref>
*26 September – [[عطارد]] is found to be tectonically active.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-incredible-shrinking-mercury-is-active-after-all|title=The Incredible Shrinking Mercury is Active After All|publisher=NASA|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=27 September 2016}}</ref>
*27 September
**The world's first baby born through a controversial new "three parent" technique is reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2107219-exclusive-worlds-first-baby-born-with-new-3-parent-technique/ |title=Exclusive: World’s first baby born with new "3 parent" technique|publisher=New Scientist|date=27 September 2016|accessdate=27 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-37485263 |title=First 'three person baby' born using new method|publisher=BBC|date=27 September 2016|accessdate=27 September 2016}}</ref>
**[[سبيس إكس]] founder and entrepreneur [[إيلون ماسك]] reveals his plan to send humans to Mars on a new spacecraft, with unmanned flights beginning as early as [[2022]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37486372 |title=Elon Musk outlines Mars colony vision|publisher=BBC|date=27 September 2016|accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref>
*29 September – A study led by the University of Cambridge finds that [[Body worn video]] led to a 93% drop in complaints made against police by the UK and US public.<ref name="UC-20160929">{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/use-of-body-worn-cameras-sees-complaints-against-police-virtually-vanish-study-finds |title=Use of body-worn cameras sees complaints against police ‘virtually vanish’, study finds|publisher=University of Cambridge|date=29 September 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016}}</ref>
* 30 September – The [[روزيتا]] ends its mission by attempting a soft-landing inside a {{convert|425|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} wide pit, called Deir el-Medina, on [[المذنب تشوري]]. The walls of the pit contain {{convert|3|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} wide so-called "goose bumps", considered to be building blocks of the comet.<ref name="NYT-20160930">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Rosetta Spacecraft Ends Mission With Dive Into Comet It Orbited |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/01/science/rosetta-spacecraft-to-end-mission-by-sinking-to-its-comet-companion.html|work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |date=30 September 2016 |accessdate=30 September 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160926">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=For Rosetta, a Landing and an Ending on a Comet |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/27/science/rosetta-spacecraft-comet-mission-end.html |date=26 September 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=26 September 2016 }}</ref><ref name="SP-20160930">{{cite news |last=Gannon|first=Megan|title=Goodbye, Rosetta! Spacecraft Crash-Lands on Comet in Epic Mission Finale |url=http://www.space.com/34254-rosetta-crash-lands-on-comet-mission-ends.html |date=30 September 2016 |work=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=1 October 2016}}</ref>
===October===
*3 October
**A study published by the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee shows that [[كافيين]] consumption may reduce the risk of [[خرف]] in women by 36 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-10/oupu-fwc100316.php |title=For women, caffeine could be ally in warding off dementia |publisher=EurekAlert |date=3 October 2016 |accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref>
**The 2016 [[جائزة نوبل في الطب أو علم وظائف الأعضاء]] is awarded to [[يوشينوري أوسومي]] of Japan for discoveries about [[التهام ذاتي]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2016/press.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 |publisher=[[مؤسسة نوبل]] |date=3 October 2016 |accessdate=3 October 2016}}</ref>
**The British Journal of Sports Medicine reports that playing [[غولف]] can increase [[متوسط العمر المتوقع]] by five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://health.spectator.co.uk/the-health-case-for-golf-the-sport-may-add-five-years-to-your-life/ |title=The health case for golf: the sport ‘adds years to your life’|publisher=The Spectator|date=10 October 2016 |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref>
*4 October – The 2016 [[جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء]] is awarded to [[ديفيد ثاوليس]], [[دنكن هالداين]] and [[مايكل كوسترليتز]] for discoveries relating to exotic quantum states of matter and [[topological order]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016|publisher=[[مؤسسة نوبل]]|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/press.html|accessdate=2016-10-04}}</ref>
*5 October
**The 2016 [[جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء]] is awarded to [[جان بيار سوفاج]], [[فريزر ستودارت]] and [[بين فيرينغا]] for the design and synthesis of [[آلة جزيئية]]s.<ref name="NP-20161005">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016 |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/press.html |date=5 October 2016 |work=[[مؤسسة نوبل]] |accessdate=5 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161005-kc">{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |last2=Chan |first2=Sewell |title=3 Makers of ‘World’s Smallest Machines’ Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/nobel-prize-chemistry.html |date=5 October 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref>
**Scientists identify the maximum [[شيخوخة]] at an average age of 115, with an absolute upper limit of [[Old age]].<ref name="NYT-20161005-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=What’s the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/06/science/maximum-life-span-study.html |date=5 October 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=6 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20151005">{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Xiao |last2=Milholland |first2=Brandon |last3=Vijg |first3=Jan |title=Evidence for a limit to human lifespan |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature19793.html |date=5 October 2016 |doi=10.1038/nature19793 |accessdate=6 October 2016 |volume=538 |journal=Nature |pages=257–259}}</ref>
**NASA's [[كاسيني-هويجنز]] reveals evidence of a subsurface ocean within Saturn's moon [[ديون (قمر)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161005131031.htm |title=Saturn’s moon Dione harbors a subsurface ocean |publisher=Science Daily |date=5 October 2016 |accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref>
*6 October
**Researchers at France's [[المركز الوطني الفرنسي للبحث العلمي]] research institute announce that [[بروكسيما بي]] may have oceans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-10-planet-star-nearest-sun-oceans.html |title=Planet in star system nearest our Sun 'may have oceans' |publisher=PhysOrg |date=6 October 2016 |accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers at the Department of Energy's [[مختبر لورنس بيركلي الوطني]] demonstrate a working 1 [[نانومتر]] (nm) [[ترانزستور]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161006140546.htm |title=Smallest. Transistor. Ever. |publisher=Science Daily |date=6 October 2016 |accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref>
*9 October – [[نيفولوماب]] is shown to more than double the one-year survival rate of patients with [[سرطان الرأس والعنق]] compared with chemotherapy. It also shrinks tumours in advanced [[سرطان الكلية]] patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-37588541 |title=Immunotherapy cancer drug hailed as 'game changer' |publisher=BBC News |date=9 October 2016 |accessdate=9 October 2016}}</ref>
*10 October – A study by the Earth Institute at Columbia University finds that [[حرائق الغابات]] have doubled in area over the last 30 years due to climate change.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-10/teia-cch100616.php |title=Climate change has doubled western US forest fires, says study |publisher=Eurekalert |date=10 October 2016 |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref>
*11 October
**[[باراك أوباما]] renews a vision for US government involvement in a [[بعثة مأهولة إلى المريخ]] to the [[المريخ]] by the mid-2030s.<ref name="CNN-20161011">{{cite news |last=Obama |first=Barack |authorlink=Barack Obama |title=Barack Obama: America will take the giant leap to Mars |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/11/opinions/america-will-take-giant-leap-to-mars-barack-obama/index.html |date=11 October 2016 |work=[[سي إن إن]] |accessdate=11 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161011">{{cite news |last=Victor |first=Daniel |title=Obama Gives New Details About Sending People to Mars |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/science/president-obama-nasa-mars.html |date=11 October 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=11 October 2016 }}</ref>
**Astronomers announce the discovery of [[2014 UZ224]], a new dwarf planet 13.6 billion km (8.5 billion miles) from the Sun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencealert.com/a-new-dwarf-planet-has-just-been-discovered-in-our-solar-system |title=A new dwarf planet has just been discovered in our Solar System |publisher=Science Alert|date=12 October 2016 |accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref>
*12 October
**Astronomers report that the very basic chemical ingredients of [[حياة]]—the [[Carbon-hydrogen bond]] (CH, or [[methylidyne radical]]), the carbon-hydrogen positive ion (CH+) and the carbon ion (C+)—are the result, in large part, of [[أشعة فوق البنفسجية]] from stars, rather than in other ways, such as the result of turbulent events related to [[مستعر أعظم]] and [[young star]]s, as thought earlier.<ref name="NASA-20161012">{{cite web |last=Landau |first=Elizabeth |title=Building Blocks of Life's Building Blocks Come From Starlight |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6645 |date=12 October 2016 |work=[[ناسا]] |accessdate=13 October 2016 }}</ref>
**Plans are announced for '[[Asgardia (nation)]]' – the first [[دولة قومية]] in outer space.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://room.eu.com/community/asgardia-to-become-the-first-new-space-nation |title=‘Asgardia’ to become the first new Space Nation|publisher=room.eu|date=12 October 2016 |accessdate=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://asgardia.space |title=Asgardia – The Space Nation|publisher=Asgardia|date=October 2016 |accessdate=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37650274 |title=Scientists plan to create 'Asgardia' nation state in space|publisher=BBC News|date=13 October 2016 |accessdate=16 October 2016}}</ref>
*13 October – Using 3D imaging techniques on 20 years of photographs by the [[مرصد هابل الفضائي]], astronomers estimate there are 2 trillion [[مجرة]] in the [[كون منظور]], about 10 times more than previously thought.<ref name="Conselice">{{cite journal|title=The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications|author=Christopher J. Conselice et al|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=830|issue=2|year=2016|arxiv=1607.03909v2|bibcode=|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83|pages=83}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161017">{{cite news |last=Fountain |first=Henry |title=Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/science/two-trillion-galaxies-at-the-very-least.html |date=17 October 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=17 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/13/hubble-telescope-universe-galaxies-astronomy |title=Universe has two trillion more galaxies than previously thought|publisher=The Guardian|date=13 October 2016 |accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref>
*17 October
**A team at Australia's University of New South Wales create a new [[تراكب كمي]] that remains in a stable superposition for 10 times longer than previously achieved.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-10/uons-qc1101316.php |title=Quantum computers: 10-fold boost in stability achieved|publisher=EurekAlert|date=17 October 2016 |accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
**NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) reports that September 2016 was the hottest September on record globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/news/20161017/ |title=NASA Analysis Finds Warmest September on Record By Narrow Margin|publisher=NASA|date=17 October 2016 |accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
*18 October
**A new automated system that can achieve parity with humans in conversational [[تعرف على الكلام]] is announced by researchers at Microsoft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.microsoft.com/next/2016/10/18/historic-achievement-microsoft-researchers-reach-human-parity-conversational-speech-recognition/#sm.001s3z8lp16arf32vl02kbj9pz25v |title=Historic Achievement: Microsoft researchers reach human parity in conversational speech recognition|publisher=Microsoft|date=18 October 2016 |accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.05256 |title= Achieving Human Parity in Conversational Speech Recognition|publisher=Arxiv|date=17 October 2016 |accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers at the University of Warwick discover the physical location of [[اضطراب اكتئابي]] in the human brain, which is found to affect the lateral [[قشرة جبهية حجاجية]], implicated in non-reward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/news/depression146s_physical_source |title=Depression’s physical source discovered; potential for new treatments|publisher=University of Warwick|date=18 October 2016 |accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref>
*19 October – [[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]] arrives at Mars; the accompanying [[Schiaparelli EDM lander]] crashes on the surface after its parachute was jettisoned too early and its rockets fired for too short a time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schiaparelli Mars probe's parachute 'jettisoned too early' |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37715202 |date=20 October 2016 |work=BBC News |accessdate=20 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161020">{{cite news |last=Chan |first=Sewell |title=No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/21/science/space/no-signal-from-mars-lander-but-european-officials-declare-mission-a-success.html |date=20 October 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=20 October 2016 }}</ref> On 21 October 2016, NASA released a [[مارس ريكونيسانس أوربيتر]] [[:File:PIA21130-SignsOfSchiaparelliTestLanderSeenFromOrbit-20161021.gif]] showing what appears to be the [[Schiaparelli EDM lander]] crash site.<ref name="NYT-20161021">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Dark Spot in Mars Photo Is Probably Wreckage of European Spacecraft |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/22/science/mars-crash-landing-site-explosion.html |date=21 October 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref>
*20 October – Researchers at James Cook University in Australia report that adding a type of dried [[عشب بحري]] (''[[Asparagopsis taxiformis]]'') to the diet of [[بقرة]] could reduce their emissions of methane by 50-70%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-19/environmental-concerns-cows-eating-seaweed/7946630?pfmredir=sm |title=Feeding cows seaweed could slash global greenhouse gas emissions, researchers say|publisher=ABC|date=20 October 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref>
*21 October – MIT announces a new record for plasma pressure in an [[Alcator C-Mod]] [[توكاماك]] [[اندماج نووي]] reactor, achieving over 2 atmospheres of pressure for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161021133915.htm |title=New record for fusion: Giant leap in pursuit of clean energy|publisher=Science Daily|date=21 October 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref>
*24 October – The [[المنظمة العالمية للأرصاد الجوية]] reports that 2016 will likely be the first full year when [[Atmospheric carbon dioxide]] stayed above 400ppm.<ref name="BBC-20161024">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37729033 |title=CO2 levels mark 'new era' in the world's changing climate|publisher=[[بي بي سي نيوز]]|date=24 October 2016 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref>
*25 October – Receiving the last bit of data (of a total of 50 billion bits of data; or 6.25 gigabytes) from the ''[[نيو هورايزونز]]'' spacecraft, from its close encounter with the [[كوكب قزم]] [[بلوتو]] on 14 July 2015, ends at 05:48 pm, ET on 25 October 2016. ''New Horizons'' is currently on a journey to [[2014 MU69]], a [[Classical Kuiper belt object]], and is expected to swing closely past the object on 1 January 2019.<ref name="NYT-20161028">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=No More Data From Pluto |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/29/science/pluto-nasa-new-horizons.html |date=28 October 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=28 October 2016 }}</ref>
*27 October
**''The Living Planet assessment'', by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and WWF, reports that vertebrate wildlife populations have fallen by 58% globally since 1970, and suggests this figure may reach two-thirds among vertebrates by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37775622 |title=World wildlife 'falls by 58% in 40 years'|publisher=BBC News|date=27 October 2016 |accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers use "neighbour maps" to reveal the shape of a [[مجموع مورثي]] in 3-D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-10/isoa-mr102616.php |title='Neighbor maps' reveal the genome's 3-D shape|publisher=EurekAlert|date=27 October 2016 |accessdate=28 October 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers at [[جامعة كاليفورنيا (سانتا باربرا)]] design a functional nanoscale computing element that could, in theory, be packed into a space no bigger than 50 nanometers on any side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2016/017349/tiny-machine |title=A Tiny Machine|publisher=UC Santa Barbara|date=27 October 2016 |accessdate=29 October 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers in England identify the first known example of fossilised brain tissue in a dinosaur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/fossilised-dinosaur-brain-tissue-identified-for-the-first-time |title=Fossilised dinosaur brain tissue identified for the first time|publisher=University of Cambridge|date=27 October 2016 |accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref>
*31 October
**A study by the [[Nature Conservancy]] claims an estimated 6.2 million lives will be lost to [[particulate matter]] each year by 2050, but this pollution can be reduced by 7 to 24 percent near [[شجرة]], while the cooling effect is up to 2°C (3.6°F).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37813709 |title=Growth of city trees can cut air pollution, says report|publisher=BBC News|date=31 October 2016 |accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/pressreleases/urban-trees-can-save-tens-of-thousands-of-lives-globally.xml |title=Urban Trees Can Save Tens of Thousands of Lives Globally by Reducing Air Pollution and Temperature|publisher=Nature Conservancy|date=31 October 2016 |accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers at Penn State report a 1,000-fold increase in the scanning speed for 3-D printing, using a space-charge-controlled KTN beam deflector with a large electro-optic effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.psu.edu/story/434575/2016/10/31/research/penn-state-researchers-find-way-increase-scanning-speed |title=Penn State researchers find way to increase scanning speed|publisher=Penn State|date=31 October 2016 |accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref>
===November===
*1 November – Scientists at Rockefeller University use a technique called "light sculpting" to view the neurons of a mouse brain firing in real-time in 3-D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161101104459.htm |title=Researchers watch in 3-D as neurons talk to each other in a living mouse brain|publisher=Science Daily|date=1 November 2016 |accessdate=1 November 2016}}</ref>
*2 November – Construction of the [[مرصد جيمس ويب الفضائي]] primary mirror is completed, with launch due in 2018 following tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/james-webb-space-telescope-mirrors-will-piece-together-cosmic-puzzles |title=James Webb Space Telescope Mirrors Will Piece Together Cosmic Puzzles|publisher=NASA|date=2 November 2016 |accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37861015 |title=James Webb: Two years to Hubble successor's launch|publisher=BBC News|date=3 November 2016 |accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>
*3 November
**Scanning people’s brains with [[تصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي]] (fMRI) is found to be significantly more effective at spotting lies than a traditional [[جهاز كشف الكذب (بولي غراف)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161103141437.htm |title=Illuminating lies with brain scan outshines polygraph test|publisher=Science Daily|date=3 November 2016 |accessdate=11 November 2016}}</ref>
**Scientists publish early human results of a potent BACE1 inhibitor for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161102006262/en/Merck-Scientists-Publish-Research-Detailing-Early-Development|title=Merck Scientists Publish New Research Detailing the Early Development of Verubecestat, an Investigational BACE1 Inhibitor in Science Translational Medicine|publisher=Business Wire|date=2 November 2016 |accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>
**A study published in the journal ''Tobacco Control'' finds that graphic warnings on [[سيجارة]] packs could prevent 652,000 deaths in the U.S. over the next 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-11-graphic-pictures-cigarette-significantly-death.html|title=Graphic pictures on cigarette packs would significantly reduce smoking death rate, study finds|publisher=Medical Xpress|date=3 November 2016 |accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref>
**At a conference in San Diego, [[أدوبي سيستمز]] demonstrates audio software that accurately replicates any person's voice, thus potentially rewriting what an original speaker has actually said.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2016/11/3/13514088/adobe-photoshop-audio-project-voco|title=Adobe is working on an audio app that lets you add words someone never said|publisher=The Verge|date=3 November 2016 |accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref>
*4 November – Researchers in the UK announce a genetically modified "super[[قمح]]" that increases the efficiency of [[تركيب ضوئي]] to boost yields by 20 to 40 percent.<ref name="NS-20161104">{{cite web|url=https://www.fwi.co.uk/arable/gm-wheat-could-give-big-rise-in-yield.htm |title=GM wheat shows massive rise in yield|publisher=Farmers Weekly|date=4 November 2016 |accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> Field trials are expected in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2111377-trials-planned-for-gm-superwheat-that-boosts-harvest-by-20/ |title=Trials planned for GM superwheat that boosts harvest by 20%|publisher=[[نيو ساينتست]]|date=4 November 2016 |accessdate=4 November 2016}}</ref>
*6 November – The [[الاتحاد الفلكي الدولي]] approves the name ''Rigil Kentaurus'' for [[رجل القنطور]] A. This follows the naming of ''Proxima Centauri'' for Alpha Centauri C on 21 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |accessdate=9 December 2016}}</ref>
*8 November
**New data released by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) shows that the five years from 2011 to 2015 were the warmest on record, largely due to human activities, with 2016 likely to be even hotter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/provisional-wmo-statement-status-of-global-climate-2016 |title=Provisional WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2016|publisher=WMO|date=14 November 2016 |accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37900400 |title=WMO: Five hottest years on record have occurred since 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/global-climate-2011-2015-hot-and-wild |title=The global climate 2011-2015: hot and wild|publisher=WMO|date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>
**Lab-grown mini lungs, developed from stem cells, are successfully transplanted into mice by researchers at the University of Michigan Health System.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161108124025.htm |title=Lab-grown mini lungs successfully transplanted into mice|publisher=Science Daily|date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>
*9 November
**The University of Oxford AI Lab presents "LipNet", a new AI algorithm capable of [[lip-reading]] up to 40% more accurately than a real person.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/news/1217-full.html |title=LipNet AI takes lip reading into the future|publisher=University of Oxford|date=9 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2016/11/7/13551210/ai-deep-learning-lip-reading-accuracy-oxford |title=Can deep learning help solve lip reading?|publisher=The Verge|date=9 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>
**The previous upper estimate of global warming by 2100 is raised from 4.8°C to 7.36°C, in a study published by the University of Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/climate-change-game-over-global-warming-climate-sensitivity-seven-degrees-a7407881.html |title=Climate change may be escalating so fast it could be 'game over', scientists warn|publisher=The Independent|date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>
*11 November – Researchers at the University of Central Florida present research into solar nanotech-powered clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161114105849.htm |title='Back to the Future' inspires solar nanotech-powered clothing|publisher=Science Daily|date=14 November 2016 |accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>
*13 November – The University of East Anglia reports that global emissions of CO2 did not grow in 2015 and are projected to rise only slightly in 2016, marking three years of almost no growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/low-growth-in-global-carbon-emissions-continues-for-third-successive-year |title=Low growth in carbon emissions continues for third year|publisher=UEA|date=13 November 2016 |accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>
*14 November – A [[قمر عملاق]] occurs, as the full Moon comes closer to the Earth than at any time since 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-37978572 |title='Supermoon' lights up sky around the world|publisher=BBC News|date=14 November 2016 |accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref>
*15 November – Scientists at Rockefeller University identify which genes in a microbe's genome ought to produce [[مضاد حيوي]] compounds and then synthesize those compounds to discover two promising new antibiotics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/ru-rdn111516.php |title=Researchers discover new antibiotics by sifting through the human microbiome |publisher=EurekAlert!|date=15 November 2016 |accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>
*16 November
**The [[الماسح الجيولوجي الأمريكي]] estimates there are 20 billion barrels of oil in Texas' Wolfcamp Shale Formation, the largest estimate of continuous oil that USGS has ever assessed in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161116184349.htm |title=USGS estimates 20 billion barrels of oil in Texas' Wolfcamp Shale Formation |publisher=Science Daily|date=16 November 2016 |accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers at the [[معهد سولك للدراسات البيولوجية]] use a new gene-editing technology known as HITI, which is based on [[كريسبر]], to partially restore vision in blind animals. Their technique is the first time a new gene has been inserted into a precise DNA location in adult cells that no longer divide, such as those of the eye, brain, pancreas or heart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161116144134.htm |title=New gene-editing technology partially restores vision in blind animals |publisher=Science Daily|date=16 November 2016 |accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/gene-editing-breakthrough-fix-broken-genes-delay-ageing-cure-incurable-diseases-a7421596.html |title=DNA-editing breakthrough could fix 'broken genes' in the brain, delay ageing and cure incurable diseases |publisher=The Independent|date=16 November 2016 |accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>
*18 November – Researchers from Caltech and UCLA develop a technique to remove mutated DNA from mitochondria, which could help slow or reverse an important cause of aging.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/turning-back-aging-clock-53030 |title=Turning Back the Aging Clock |publisher=Caltech|date=18 November 2016 |accessdate=22 November 2016}}</ref>
*21 November – Researchers use human pluripotent stem cells to grow human intestinal tissues with functioning nerves, then use these to recreate and study a severe intestinal nerve disorder called Hirschsprung’s disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/news/release/2016/hirschsprungs-intestinal-nerve-disorder |title=Scientists Tissue Engineer Human Intestines and Functioning Nerves |publisher=Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center|date=21 November 2016 |accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref>
*22 November – NASA reports that its [[مارس ريكونيسانس أوربيتر]] has found a huge deposit of [[المياه على المريخ]] just under the surface of the planet [[المريخ]], in the region known as [[Utopia Planitia]]. The volume of water detected is equivalent to the volume of water in [[بحيرة سوبيريور]]. ([[:File:PIA21136-Mars-UtopiaPlanitia-IceFindings-20161122.jpg]]) ([[:File:PIA21138-Mars-UtopiaPlanitia-Map-IceFindings-20161122.png]])<ref name="NASA-20161122">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Scalloped Terrain Led to Finding of Buried Ice on Mars |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21136 |date=22 November 2016 |work=[[ناسا]] |accessdate=23 November 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Register-2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/11/22/nasa_finds_ice_under_martian_surface/ |title=Lake of frozen water the size of New Mexico found on Mars – NASA |publisher=The Register|date=22 November 2016 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20161122jpl">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2016-299 |title=Mars Ice Deposit Holds as Much Water as Lake Superior |publisher=NASA|date=22 November 2016 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref>
*25 November
**Researchers create the first living cells that form silicon-carbon bonds. The responsible protein does it more efficiently than any synthetic catalyst.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencealert.com/for-the-first-time-living-cells-have-formed-carbon-silicon-bonds |title=For the first time, living cells have formed carbon-silicon bonds|publisher=sciencealert.com|date=25 November 2016|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref>
**Scientists behind a theory that the [[سرعة الضوء]] is variable – and not constant as Einstein suggested – produce a model with an exact figure on the spectral index that they say is testable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161125084229.htm |title=Theory that challenges Einstein's physics could soon be put to the test |publisher=Science Daily|date=25 November 2016|accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref>
*28 November
**Scientists at the [[الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية]] officially recognizes names for four new [[عنصر كيميائي]]s: [[نيهونيوم]], Nh, 113; [[موسكوفيوم]], Mc, 115; [[تينيسين]], Ts, 117 and [[أوغانيسون]], Og, 118.<ref name="IUPAC-20161130">{{cite news |author=Staff
|title=IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118
|url=https://iupac.org/iupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118/ |date=30 November 2016 |work=[[الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية]] |accessdate=1 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20161201">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/science/periodic-table-new-elements.html |date=1 December 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=1 December 2016 }}</ref>
**Researchers trace the origin of a 2015 iceberg to a deep subsurface rift opening within the [[West Antarctic Ice Sheet]], the first time this has been observed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161128085341.htm |title=West Antarctic Ice Shelf Breaking Up From the Inside Out |publisher=Science Daily|date=28 November 2016|accessdate=30 November 2016}}</ref>
**Large-scale testing of a potential [[HIV vaccine]] known as [[HVTN 702]] begins in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/first-new-hiv-vaccine-efficacy-study-seven-years-has-begun |title=First new HIV vaccine efficacy study in seven years has begun |publisher=NIH|date=28 November 2016|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/new-hiv-vaccine-south-africa-final-nail-coffin-aids-a7443526.html |title=Testing begins on new vaccine that could be 'final nail in the coffin' for HIV |publisher=The Independent|date=28 November 2016|accessdate=1 December 2016}}</ref>
*29 November – A study finds that higher water temperatures during 2016 caused the worst destruction of corals ever recorded on Australia's [[الحيد المرجاني العظيم]], with 67% dying in the worst-hit northern section.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-38127320 |title=Great Barrier Reef suffered worst bleaching on record in 2016, report finds |publisher=BBC|date=28 November 2016|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coralcoe.org.au/media-releases/life-and-death-after-great-barrier-reef-bleaching |title=Life and death after Great Barrier Reef bleaching |publisher=ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies|date=29 November 2016|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref>
*30 November
**Thomas Crowther et al. report that increasing soil respiration alone will add between 0.45 and 0.71 parts per million of CO2 to the atmosphere every year until 2050. This will cause at least 55 gigatons of carbon to be lost from the soil by mid-century, equivalent to another industrialised country the size of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/ysof-los112916.php |title=Losses of soil carbon under global warming might equal US emissions |publisher=EurekAlert!|date=30 November 2016|accessdate=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/nioe-los113016.php |title=Loss of soil carbon due to climate change will be 'huge' |publisher=EurekAlert!|date=30 November 2016|accessdate=3 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrKOpPJIbXA |title=How soil carbon loss could accelerate global warming |publisher=NIOO KNAW / YouTube|date=29 November 2016|accessdate=3 December 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers calculate the weight of Earth's [[Novel ecosystem]] as 30 trillion tons, a mass greater than 50 kilos for every square metre of the planet's surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161130085021.htm |title=Earth's 'technosphere' now weighs 30 trillion tons |publisher=Science Daily |date=30 November 2016|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref>
===December===
*5 December – Researchers at Harvard discover a causal link between [[حمض نووي ريبوزي]] splicing and [[شيخوخة]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161205113637.htm |title=Uncovering a 'smoking gun' in age-related disease |publisher=Science Daily|date=5 December 2016|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
*6 December
**Researchers at [[جامعة كاليفورنيا (بركلي)]] design a wall-jumping [[روبوت]] known as Salto, which is described as the most vertically agile robot ever built.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.berkeley.edu/2016/12/06/wall-jumping-robot-is-most-vertically-agile-ever-built/ |title=Wall-jumping robot is most vertically agile ever built |publisher=UC Berkeley|date=6 December 2016|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref>
**The National Snow and Ice Data Center announces record low sea ice extents for both the [[Arctic sea ice decline]] and [[Antarctic sea ice]], with "exceptionally low" sea ice cover for the [[جليد بحري]] as a whole.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2016/12/arctic-and-antarctic-at-record-low-levels/ |title=Sea ice hits record lows |publisher=NSIDC|date=6 December 2016|accessdate=18 December 2016}}</ref>
*8 December
**The [[الاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة]] (IUCN) announces that [[giraffe]] populations declined from 155,000 in 1985 to 97,000 in 2015. Their conservation status is moved from "least concern" to "vulnerable".<ref name="BBC-20161208">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38240760 |title=Giraffes facing 'silent extinction' as population plunges |publisher=BBC News|date=8 December 2016|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/new-bird-species-and-giraffe-under-threat-%E2%80%93-iucn-red-list |title=New bird species and giraffe under threat – IUCN Red List |publisher=IUCN|date=8 December 2016|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref>
**The tail of a tiny, [[ريش (تشريح)]], sparrow-sized [[ديناصور ذو ريش]], found perfectly preserved in [[كهرمان]] and believed to be 99 million years old, is described in the journal ''[[Current Biology]]''.<ref name="NYT-20161208">{{cite news |last=St. Fleur |first=Nicholas |title=That Thing With Feathers Trapped in Amber? It Was a Dinosaur Tail |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/science/dinosaur-feathers-amber.html |date=8 December 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=8 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38224564 |title='Beautiful' dinosaur tail found preserved in amber |publisher=BBC News|date=8 December 2016|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31193-9 |title=A Feathered Dinosaur Tail with Primitive Plumage Trapped in Mid-Cretaceous Amber |publisher=[[Current Biology]]|date=8 December 2016|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref>
*9 December – Researchers at Tohoku University in Japan demonstrate a super flexible liquid crystal (LC) device, which could make electronic displays and devices more flexible, increasing their portability and versatility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161209111928.htm |title=Super-flexible liquid crystal device for bendable and rollable displays |publisher=Science Daily |date=9 December 2016|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref>
*12 December
**Harvard researchers identify an [[هباء جوي]] that could, in theory, be injected into the [[ستراتوسفير]] to cool the planet from greenhouse gases, while also repairing [[أوزون]] damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161212152405.htm |title=Mitigating the risk of geoengineering |publisher=Science Daily |date=12 December 2016|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref>
**A study of 37 mountain glaciers around the world is published, concluding with 99% certainty that climate change is driving their retreat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161212084912.htm |title=Mountain glaciers are showing some of the strongest responses to climate change |publisher=Science Daily |date=12 December 2016|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/57210-climate-change-drives-glaciers-retreat.html |title=Is Climate Change Shrinking Glaciers? Likelihood Is 99 Percent |publisher=Live Science |date=14 December 2016|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref>
*13 December – The world's largest wild [[رنة]] herd is reported to have fallen in population by 40% since 2000, due to rising temperatures and human activity, causing the animals to change their annual migration patterns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38297464 |title=World's largest reindeer herd plummets |publisher=BBC News |date=13 December 2016|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref> A separate study reveals that reindeer on [[سفالبارد]] have got smaller and lighter, by around 12%, due to diminishing food supplies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161212084646.htm |title=Reindeer left hungry, shrinking in warming world |publisher=Science Daily |date=12 December 2016|accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref>
*14 December – A study published in ''Nature'' finds the [[فرس البحر]] genome to be the most rapidly evolving fish genome studied so far.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v540/n7633/full/nature20595.html |title=The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology |publisher=Nature |date=14 December 2016|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref>
*15 December – Scientists use a new form of [[علاج جيني]] to partially reverse aging in mice. After six weeks of treatment, the animals looked younger, had straighter spines and better cardiovascular health, healed quicker when injured, and lived 30% longer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/dec/15/ageing-process-may-be-reversible-scientists-claim |title=Ageing process may be reversible, scientists claim |publisher=The Guardian |date=15 December 2016|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161215143541.htm |title=Cellular reprogramming slows aging in mice |publisher=Science Daily |date=15 December 2016|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref>
*19 December
**An iron 'jet stream' is detected in Earth's outer core, moving westwards under Alaska and Siberia, inferred from measurements made by Europe’s Swarm satellites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38372342 |title=Iron 'jet stream' detected in Earth's outer core |publisher=BBC News |date=19 December 2016|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref>
**Scientists warn that [[deep sea mining]] threatens a newly discovered species of octopod, nicknamed 'Casper'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38366118 |title='Casper octopod under threat from deep sea mining' |publisher=BBC News |date=19 December 2016|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161219134510.htm |title=Newly discovered 'Casper' octopod at risk from deep-sea mining |publisher=Science Daily |date=19 December 2016|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref>
**The ALPHA experiment at CERN observes the light spectrum of [[مادة مضادة]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.cern/press-releases/2016/12/alpha-experiment-observes-light-spectrum-antimatter-first-time |title=ALPHA experiment observes the light spectrum of antimatter for the first time |publisher=CERN |date=19 December 2016|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>
*22 December
**[[مرض فيروس إيبولا]] found to be 70–100% prevented by [[rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine]], making it the first proven [[لقاح]] against the disease.<ref name="TL-20161222">{{cite journal |author=Henao-Restrepo,Ana Maria et al. |title=Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!) |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32621-6/fulltext |date=22 December 2016 |journal=[[ذا لانسيت]] |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32621-6 |accessdate=27 December 2016 |pmid=28017403}}</ref><ref name="CNN-2016122">{{cite news |last=Berlinger |first=Joshua |title=Ebola vaccine gives 100% protection, study finds |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/22/health/ebola-vaccine-study/index.html |date=22 December 2016 |work=[[سي إن إن]] |accessdate=27 December 2016 }}</ref>
**The UK's National Health Service ([[هيئة الخدمات الصحية الوطنية (المملكة المتحدة)]]) announces that 10 blind patients will receive "[[Visual prosthesis]]" to help treat an inherited form of blindness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-38391247|title=Ten people to get NHS bionic eyes| publisher=BBC News|date=22 December 2016|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cmft.nhs.uk/media-centre/latest-news/uk-bionic-eye-trial-starts-for-dry-amd-patients|title=UK Bionic Eye trial starts for dry AMD patients| publisher=NHS|date=22 December 2016|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>
*26 December
**The genome of the [[مران عالي]] (''Fraxinus excelsior'') is sequenced for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38416116|title=Ash tree genome sequenced for first time|publisher=BBC News|date=26 December 2016|accessdate=26 December 2016}}</ref>
**[[فهد]] populations are reported to be crashing, with just 7,100 left in the wild. The study authors warn that the animals are "much more vulnerable to extinction than was previously thought" and recommend a "paradigm shift in conservation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38415906|title=Cheetahs heading towards extinction as population crashes|publisher=BBC News|date=26 December 2016|accessdate=26 December 2016}}</ref>
**Researchers at Tufts University create [[Programmable matter]] silk-based materials with embedded, pre-designed functions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/12/161226211244.htm|title=Engineers create programmable silk-based materials with embedded, pre-designed functions|publisher=Science Daily|date=26 December 2016|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref>
*29 December
**[[ناسا]] astronomers report the detection of two new objects which are both expected to pass safely by the Earth in January and February 2017: a "relatively large" [[كويكب]] named {{mpl|2016 WF|9}} and a [[مذنب]] named [[C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)]].<ref name="NASA-20161229">{{cite web |last1=Agle |first1=DC |last2=Cantillo |first2=Laurie |last3=Brown |first3=Dwayne |title=NASA's NEOWISE Mission Spies One Comet, Maybe Two |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6712 |date=29 December 2016 |work=[[ناسا]] |accessdate=29 December 2016 }}</ref>
**NASA reveals a potential habitat design for colonists on [[المريخ]], which offers shielding from extreme temperatures and radiation by using inflatable domes covered in ice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/a-new-home-on-mars-nasa-langley-s-icy-concept-for-living-on-the-red-planet |title=A New Home on Mars: NASA Langley’s Icy Concept for Living on the Red Planet |publisher=NASA |date=29 December 2016|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>
==Deaths==
*24 January – [[مارفن مينسكي]], American [[علوم استعرافية]] (b. [[1927 in science]]).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rifkin|first1=Glenn|title=Marvin Minsky, Pioneer in Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 88|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/26/business/marvin-minsky-pioneer-in-artificial-intelligence-dies-at-88.html?_r=0|work=New York Times|date=29 December 2016}}</ref>
*2 July – [[رودولف كالمان]], Hungarian-born American [[هندسة كهربائية]] (b. [[1930 in science]])<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kurdics|first1=János|title=Kálmán Rudolf, inventor of the Kálmán filter, dies at 86|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/k%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n-rudolf-inventor-filter-dies-86-j%C3%A1nos-kurdics|date=12 July 2016}}</ref>
*25 December – [[فيرا روبين]], American [[عالم فلك]] (b. [[1928 in science]]).<ref name="NYT-20161227">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Vera Rubin, 88, Dies; Opened Doors in Astronomy, and for Women |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/27/science/vera-rubin-astronomist-who-made-the-case-for-dark-matter-dies-at-88.html |date=27 December 2016 |work=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |accessdate=27 December 2016 }}</ref>
هذه مقالة أو قسم تخضع حاليًّا للتوسيع أو إعادة هيكلة جذريّة. إذا كانت لديك استفسارات أو ملاحظات حول عملية التطوير؛ فضلًا اطرحها في صفحة النقاش قبل إجراء أيّ تعديلٍ عليها.
فضلًا أزل القالب لو لم تُجرَ أي تعديلات كبيرة على الصفحة في آخر شهر. لو كنت أنت المحرر الذي أضاف هذا القالب وتُحرر المقالة بشكلٍ نشطٍ حاليًّا، فضلًا تأكد من استبداله بقالب {{تحرر}} في أثناء جلسات التحرير النشطة. آخر من عدل المقالة كان Muhammad Abul-Futooh(نقاش | مساهمات) منذ 7 سنين (تحديث)
وقعت العديد من الأحداث العلمية البارزة في عام 2016. وقد أعلنت الأمم المتحدة عام 2015 هو العام العالمي للبقليات.[1]
الأحداث
يناير
1 يناير
تمكن الباحثون في معامل إتش آر إل في ماليبو، كاليفورنيا من تطوير طريقة جديدة كليًا للطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد شبه خالية من العيوب باستخدام الفخار، وتتيح الطريقة منتجات بمقاومات حرارية متعددة بصورة هائلة لم تكن ممكنة سابقًا.[2]
نشرت مقالة في مجلة "ساينس" تشير لقدرة مزج الذكاء البشري مع قدرة الألات على حل أكثر مشاكل العالم إلحاحًا، واصفة ذلك المزيج "الذكاء الخارق".[3]
7 يناير: اكتشاف أضخم وأبعد عنقود مجريّ تم اكتشافه على الإطلاق؛ IDCS 1426.[4]
الإعلان عن اكتشاف أقدم دليل مادي على وجود الشاي في ضريح الإمبراطور جينغ هان في شيان، ويشير لأن الشاي من جنسكاميليا قد تناوله أباطرة مملكة هان في بداية القرن الثاني قبل الميلاد.[7][8]
اكتشف علماء الفلك العنقود المجري IDCS 1426، أضخم وأبعد عنقود مجريّ تم اكتشافه على الإطلاق، حيث تبعد 10 مليار عامًا ضوئيًا عن الأرض.[4]
اكتشف العلماء في مركز أبحاث مستشفى جامعة مونتريال فوسفاتاز غليسرول 3-فوسفات، وهو إنزيم يمنع اختزان السكر كدهون.[12]
13 يناير
وفقًا لباحثون في معهد بوستدام لبحوث التأثيرات المناخية، تسببت إنبعاثات الكاربون التي تسبب فيها الإنسان في تأخير العصر الجليدي القادم نحو 50,000 سنة.[13]
أعلن علماء الفلك أن ASASSN-15lh الذي لوحظ لأول مرة في يونيو 2015، قد يكون هو أكثر مستعر أعظم إضاءةً قد تم اكتشافه على الإطلاق، ففي ذروة الانفجار بلغ بريقه نحو 570 مليار شمسًا.[17][18]
17 يناير
إطلاق جيسون-3، قمر اصطناعي مستكشف للأرض. ويهدف لتتبع ارتفاع مستوى سطح المحيطات في جميع أنحاء العالم، وتحديد سرعة واتجاه التيارات البحرية والمد والجزر، وجمع المعلومات حول الطاقة الشمسية المخزنة في المحيطات.[19][20]
كشف باحثون عن فئة جديدة من مستشعرات إلكترونية صغيرة ورقيقة تراقب درجة الحرارة والضغط بداخل الجمجمة، لمتابعة المتغيرات الصحية الأساسية بعد الإصابات الدماغية أو الجراحات. وتذوب المستشعرات بعد انتهاء الحاجة إليها، ما يساعد على تجنب مخاطر العدى والنزيف المحتمل عن إجراء الجراحات الإضافية لإزالة المراقبات التقليدية.[25]
كشفت شركة لوكهيد مارتن عن طريقة جديدة تقلّص من حجم الرصّادات باستخدام آلاف العدسات ضئيلة الحجم. لا تقلّص هذه الطريقة من قطر الرصّاد، وإنما يتميز هذا النظام المسمى ب"SPIDER" برقّته وعدم الحاجة لاستخدام عدة مرايا.[36]
25 يناير
أعلن الباحثون في جامعة واشنطن عن ميكروسكوب جديد محمول في حجم القلم بإمكانه الكشف عن الخلايا السرطانية في عيادات الأطباء وغرف العمليات.[37]
استخدم باحثون في جامعة آيوا مقاطع فيديو ثلاثية الأبعاد حيّة لحركة الخلايا، ظهر من خلالها كيفية مدّ الخلايا السرطانية لـ"وصلات" لتجذب خلايا أخرى مما يسبب نموّ الورم.[38]27 يناير: كشفت جوجل عن إنجاز في مجال الذكاء الاصطناعي من خلال برنامج قادر على هزيمة بطل أوروبا في لعبة غو.
رجّحت الملاحظات الناتجة من معهد علوم الفضاء في بالتيمور، ماريلاند، أن سحابة سميث لم تتكون من الفضاء بين المجرّات، وإنما قد بدأت في مجرّتنا منذ حوالي 70 مليون عام.[44]
29 يناير
برهن باحثون على إمكانية ربط الغرافين مع العصبون، مع الحفاظ على سلامة هذه الخلايا العصبية الحيوية. ويعتقد في قدرة ذلك على تحسين جراحات زراعة الدماغ استعادة الوظائف الحسية.[45]
كشفت جامعة كاليفورنيا بلوس أنجلوس عن أدلة جديدة بأن القمر قد تكوّن نتيجة تصادم بين الأرض المبكرة وجنين كوكبي يسمى ثيا، بعد حوالي 100 مليون سنة من تكوّن الأرض.[46]
أعلن مركز البيانات الوطني للثلوج والجليد أن الامتداد المتجمد للمحيط المتجمد الشمالي في يناير 2016 قد بلغ أدنى حجم له على الإطلاق وفقًا للقراءات الأقمار الصناعية.[59]
9 فبراير
الإعلان عن ثورة في الحفظ بالتبريد، بعد أن أظهرت النتائج نجاح حفظ دماغ أرنب كامل بتركيبه الدقيق، متضمنًا أغشية الخلايا والتشابكات العصبية والحويصلات الشبكية.[60][61]
رغم أن كل سرطانات البنكرياس متشابهة، اكتشفت 4 أصناف من الخلل الجيني تؤدي إلى تكون الأورام، لكل منها أسباب مختلفة وبالتالي تتطلب سبل علاج متباينة.[86][87][88]
اكتشف علماء جامعة كامبريدج أن الخلايا الجذعية وافرة القدرة من نوع نيف "naïve" يمكن استخلاصها من الأجنة البشرية. وهي واحدة من أكثر أنواع الخلايا الجذعية طواعية وتكيّفًا مع كافة الأنسجة البشرية الأخرى.[99]
7 مارس
حدّد باحثون ألمان طفرة جينية محددة في البشرة يمكنها تقليص نسبة الإصابة بالنوبات القلبية للنصف.[100][101]
9 مارس
كشفت ناسا عن إطلاق مركبة إنسايت إلى المريخ يوم 5 مايو 2018، وكان من المفترض إطلاقها في مارس 2016 إلا أنه قد تم إلغاءه في ديسمبر 2015 نتيجة خطأ فني.[102][103][104]
طّور باحثون في جامعتي روتجرز وستانفورد طريقة جديدة لحقن خلايا عصبية بشرية سليمة في أدمغة فئران، آملين بذلك من علاج مرض باركنسون أو الشلل الرعاشي وغيرها من الحالات الدماغية المشابهة، ويعتقد بدء التجارب على البشر بعد حوالي 10–20 عامًا.[110][111]
ظهور خصائص تشريحية لسمكة كرايبتوترا تاميكولا، سمكة كهفية عمياء تعيش في شمال تايلاند وقادرة على المشي وتسلق الصخور في الشلالات، تماثل خصائص الفقارياترباعية الأطراف. ووصف العلماء ذلك الاكتشاف بالهائل.[119][120]
29 مارس
كشفت جامعة كيس وسترن ريسرف عن مستشعر ضوئي ذا حساسية أكبر بمليون مرة من أفضل مستشعر في ذلك الحين، وعليه يمكن تحسين الكشف المبكر عن السرطان.[121]
اكتشف باحثون حفرية أكويلونيفر سبينوساس (بالإنجليزية: Aquilonifer spinosus) مغطاة بالكربونات في المملكة المتحدة.[130]
اكتشاف حالة كمية جديدة للمادة في مادة مغناطيسية شبيهة بالغرافين RuCl3 تحتوي على أشباه جسيمات مغناطيسية تسمى ماجورانا فيرمينوس (بالإنجليزية: Majorana fermions)، وهي في نفس الوقت جسيماتها المضادة. ويعد هذا الاكتشاف خطوة هامة في المواد التي ستساعد على الحسابات الكمّية.[131][132]
7 أبريل
كشف تحايل جديد للسحب ودورها في الاحتباس الحراري بأنها تحتوي على نسبة أكبر من المياه السائلة (وليس ثلجًا) مما كان يعتقد سابقًا، ويتسبب ذلك في جعلها أقل إنعكاسية وبالتالي تسمح بوصول حرارة أكبر لسطح الأرض، ويعني ذلك أنه من الممكن أن تكون تنبؤات درجات الحرارة المستقبلية قد تم تقديرها بأقل مما ستكون عليه.[133]
طرحت طريقة جديدة لإنتاج الترانزستورات بناءً على أحبار نانوكريستالية. وسيساعد ذلك على إنتاج ترانزستورات على أسطح مرنة، مثل الطابعات ثلاثية الأبعاد.[134]
أعلن علماء صينيون عن إمكانية توليد كهرباء من قطرات المطر بإضافة طبقة بسمك ذرة واحدة من الغرافين للألواح الشمسية.[137]
11 أبريل
كشف علماء عن "شجرة حياة" محدّثة تلخص تطور كافة أشكال الحياة المعروفة، كما وجدوا أن أفرع النسخة الأخيرة والمبنية على أحدث اكتشافات جينية تتكون أساسًا من البكتيريا.[138][139][140]
13 أبريل
تمكن مصاب بالشلل رباعي من أداء وظائف حركية معقدة باستخدام أصابعه، وذلك بعد زراعة شريحة في دماغه.[141][142]
أعلن علماء الفضاء اكتشافهم للمجرة القزمة كراتر 2، رابع أكبر مجرة فضائية لدرب التبانة، وتبعد 380,000 سنة ضوئية.[143][144]
14 أبريل
الإعلان عن اكتشاف هرمون "أسبروسين" في مجلة سِل.[145]
21 أبريل
أعلنت شركة بيوفيفا أمريكا عن أول استخدام ناجح للعلاج الجيني من خلال إطالة القطعة النهائية في مريض بشري.[146]22 أبريل: اكتشاف شعاب مرجانية هائلة بالفرب من نهر الأمازون، تغطي مساحة 3,600 ميل مربع (9,300 كم2).[147]
22 أبريل
أعلن علماء اكتشاف شعاب مرجانية هائلة بالفرب من نهر الأمازون، تغطي مساحة 3,600 ميل مربع (9,300 كم2).[147]
تعرّف العلماء على زوج من الإشارات الجزيئية المتحكمة في لون الشعر والبشرة، وهو ما يمكن تطويره لإيجاد علاج لاختلالات صبغة الجلد مثل البهاق.[150]
اقترحت ورقة بحثية جديدة في علم الأحياء الفلكي أنه قد توجد طريقة لتبسيط معادلة دريك بناءً على الكواكب خارج المجموعة الشمسية التي تم اكتشافها في العقدين الأخيرين.[151][152]
وفقًا لحسابات باحثين في معهد ماكس بلانك للكيمياء ومعهد قبرص في نيقوسيا، سيصبح الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا في العقود القادمة حارين جدًا لدرجة عدم صلاحيتهم لسكن البشر.[154]
أكدت ناسا أن شهر أبريل عام 2016 كان الأعلى في درجة الحرارة لنفس الشهر في باقي السنوات على الإطلاق، متخطيًا أعلى درجة سابقة في أبريل 2010 بـ0.24 درجة مئوية.[165]
وجد الباحثون في منظومة الصحة بجامعة فيرجينيا أن جين Oct4، والذي اعتقد سابقًا بخموله في البالغين، يعلب دورًا حيويًا في منع النوبات القلبية والسكتات الدماغية. كما يؤخر الجين بعض آثار التقدم في العمر.[168]
18 مايو
كشفت دراسة لمنطقة توتن الجليدية (بالإنجليزية: Totten Glacier)، أكبر مصب للجليد في شرق القارة القطبية الجنوبية، أن ذوبانها قد يعبر بمستوى البحار في العالم في القرن القادم إلى مرحلة خطرة لا رجوع منها، وتتضمن ارتفاع مستوى البحار عالميًا بمقدار 3 أمتار.[169][170]
أطلقت الهند مكوكًا فضائيًا صغيرًا يمكن إعادة استخدامه، بلغ طوله7 أمتار وأطلق من ولاية أندرا براديش ووصل لارتفاع 65 كيلومتر (40 ميل) داخل الغلاف الجوي قبل هبوطه في البحر.[174]
كشف بحث أجري على 216,000 مراهق في الولايات الأمريكية الـ50 تناقص أعداد المراهقين المعانين من أضرار المرجوانا، وأن معدلات تناولها قد تناقصت، على الرغم من تزايد عدد الولايات التي تقنن تناولها.[179]
نشرت مجلة ساينس دليلًا على عصر جليدي هائل حديث على المريخ. وأنه من حوالي 370,000 عام مضت فقط، كان الكوكب الأحمر يبدو أبيضًا.[182]
يونيو
1 يونيو
تنامت الطاقة المتجددة في العالم بأسرع معدل لها على الإطلاق في 2015، وذلك وفقًا لتقرير شبكة سياسة الطاقة المتجددة للقرن العشرين (بالإنجليزية: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century).[183][184]
Scientists at Rice University characterise how single-molecule "nanocars" move in open air, which they claim will help the kinetics of molecular machines in ambient conditions over time.[185]
A Stanford clinical trial finds that خلية جذعية injected directly into the brain of chronic سكتة sufferers revived dead brain circuits and restored patients' ability to walk.[188][189]
عٌرضت تركيبة جديدة من العقاقير الكيميائية لسرطان البنكرياس في أكبر مؤتمر للسرطان في العالم، وتعمل التركيبة الجديدة على رفع نسبة الشفاء طويل المدى من 16% إلى 29%.[191][192]
Researchers at the University of Cambridge demonstrate a hybrid of excited molecules and molecules plus emitted light, created at room temperature.[198]
NASA astronomers announce the discovery of 2016 HO3 (also written Astronomical naming conventions), an كويكب first observed on 27 April 2016, that is considered the best and most stable example to date of a constant near-Earth companion, or "quasi-satellite" of الأرض.[201]
1 July – A new family of تترا كوارك particles – named X(4140), X(4274), X(4500), and X(4700) – is announced by researchers at the مصادم الهدرونات الكبير.[209]
5 July – China completes construction on the world's largest مقراب راديوي.[212]
11 July – Astronomers announce the discovery of 2015 RR245, a dwarf planet candidate in the حزام كايبر with a highly elliptical 700-year orbit.[213][214]
13 July – U.S. and Indian scientists report that غرافين-infused packaging is a million times better at blocking moisture than typical plastic.[215]
20 July
Using the Hubble telescope, scientists perform the first spectroscopy of the atmospheres of Earth-sized exoplanets (orbiting TRAPPIST-1).[216][217]
Scientists at Rice University announce a new titanium-gold alloy that is four times harder than most steels.[218]
Neonicotinoids, the world’s most widely used مبيد حشري, are found to reduce نحل sperm counts by almost 40%, as well as cutting the lifespan of bee drones by a third.[223]
Researchers in Germany discover that bacteria from the human nose produces a novel مضاد حيوي which is effective against multiresistant pathogens.[224][225]
Current levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases already commit the planet to air temperatures over many land regions being eventually warmed by greater than 1.5 degrees Celsius, according to new research.[226][227]
28 July – A new "vortex" laser that travels in a corkscrew pattern is shown to carry 10 times or more the information of conventional lasers, potentially offering a way to extend قانون مور.[228]
29 July – The seafloor in the Clipperton Fracture Zone – an area in the المحيط الهادئ being targeted for Deep sea mining – is found to contain an abundance and diversity of life, with more than half of the species collected being new to science.[229]
August
1 August – Using the DNA from over 450,000 customers of gene-testing company 23andMe, researchers identify for the first time 15 regions of the genome associated with اكتئاب (حالة نفسية).[230][231]
3 August – Researchers pinpoint which of the more than 4,000 exoplanet candidates discovered by NASA's كيبلر (مسبار فضائي) are most likely to be similar to Earth. Their research outlines 216 Kepler planets located within the 'habitable zone', of which 20 are the best candidates to be habitable rocky planets like Earth.[232][233]
4 August – A team at the University of Oxford achieves a quantum logic gate with record-breaking 99.9% precision, reaching the benchmark required to build a حاسوب كمومي.[234]
Research by Imperial College London suggests that a new form of ضوء can be created by binding it to a single إلكترون, combining the properties of both.[240]
6 August – Engineers at the University of California, Berkeley, create the first dust-sized wireless sensors that may be implanted within the body.[241]
8 August – New research by Stanford University suggests that phase-change memory can be engineered to be 1,000 times faster, while using less energy and requiring less space.[242]
11 August
الزهرة may have been habitable in the ancient past, with a shallow liquid-water ocean and much lower temperatures than today, according to NASA climate models.[243]
The قرش غرينلاند (Somniosus microcephalus) is found to be the longest-lived فقاريات, able to reach a lifespan of nearly 400 years.[244]
12 August – Researchers at University College London devise a software algorithm able to scan and replicate almost anyone's handwriting.[245][246]
15 August
NASA reports that July 2016 was the hottest single month in recorded history (going back to 1880), at 1.51 degrees Fahrenheit (0.84 degrees Celsius) above the 1950-1980 global average.[247]
NASA confirms that تصديع مائي is responsible for a huge ميثان hot spot in the United States.[248][249]
A possible new subatomic particle could provide evidence of a fifth قوة أساسية, according to research published in Physical Review Letters by scientists at the University of California, Irvine.[250]
Replacing tropical lowland forests with زيت النخيل can damage 11 out of 14 functions of a healthy ecosystem, some of which will be irreparable, concludes a study by the Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research.[251]
16 August – MIT announces a breakthrough which can double lithium-ion battery capacity.[252]
22 August – Researchers at Princeton demonstrate an open source 25-core chip that can easily be scaled to create a 200,000-core computer.[253][254]
26 August – The University of Washington and The Nature Conservancy publish an animated map showing where mammals, birds and amphibians are projected to move in the Western Hemisphere in response to climate change.[259]
27 August – NASA's Juno probe makes a close pass of Jupiter, coming within 4,200 كـم (2,600 ميل) of the cloud tops – the closest any spacecraft has ever approached the gas giant without entering its atmosphere.[260]
28 August
HI-SEAS IV, the latest HI-SEAS, an experiment to simulate a human colony on Mars, concludes after exactly one year.[261][262]
DNA is sequenced in فضاء خارجي for the first time, with NASA astronaut Kate Rubins using a MinION device aboard the International Space Station.[263]
2 September – Carbon nanotube transistors are shown to outperform silicon for the first time.[267]
4 September – The الاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة (IUCN) changes the status of the باندا عملاقة from "endangered" to "vulnerable" after decades of conservation work.[268] However, the غوريلا شرقية – the largest living primate – is listed as Critically Endangered.[269]
5 September
فيلة (مسبار), the lander of ESA's روزيتا, is located on the comet المذنب تشوري; the exact position of the probe was not known earlier since its landing on the comet in November 2014.[270][271]
تيفون in East Asia have grown 50% stronger in the past 40 years due to warming seas, according to a new study.[272]
7 September – One-tenth of the world's برية is reported to have disappeared in the last 20 years – an area twice the size of Alaska – with the Amazon and Central Africa being the hardest hit regions.[273][274][275]
13 September – The European Space Agency releases the first batch of data from the غايا (مسبار فضائي), which has recorded the position and brightness of a billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy.[283][284]
16 September – The development of 1 terabit-per-second transmission rates over ليف بصري is announced by Nokia Bell Labs, Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and the Technical University of Munich.[286]
A Japanese team accurately sequences a بطيء الخطو genome, finds minimal foreign DNA, and discovers a protein that confers resistance to إشعاع when transferred into human cells.[288][289]
Researchers at the University of Toronto create the first map that shows the global genetic interaction network of a cell. It begins to explain how thousands of genes coordinate with one another to orchestrate cellular life.[292]
26 September – عطارد is found to be tectonically active.[294]
27 September
The world's first baby born through a controversial new "three parent" technique is reported.[295][296]
سبيس إكس founder and entrepreneur إيلون ماسك reveals his plan to send humans to Mars on a new spacecraft, with unmanned flights beginning as early as 2022.[297]
29 September – A study led by the University of Cambridge finds that Body worn video led to a 93% drop in complaints made against police by the UK and US public.[298]
30 September – The روزيتا ends its mission by attempting a soft-landing inside a 130 م (425 قدم) wide pit, called Deir el-Medina, on المذنب تشوري. The walls of the pit contain 0.91 م (3 قدم) wide so-called "goose bumps", considered to be building blocks of the comet.[299][300][301]
October
3 October
A study published by the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee shows that كافيين consumption may reduce the risk of خرف in women by 36 percent.[302]
9 October – نيفولوماب is shown to more than double the one-year survival rate of patients with سرطان الرأس والعنق compared with chemotherapy. It also shrinks tumours in advanced سرطان الكلية patients.[313]
10 October – A study by the Earth Institute at Columbia University finds that حرائق الغابات have doubled in area over the last 30 years due to climate change.[314]
Astronomers announce the discovery of 2014 UZ224, a new dwarf planet 13.6 billion km (8.5 billion miles) from the Sun.[317]
12 October
Astronomers report that the very basic chemical ingredients of حياة—the Carbon-hydrogen bond (CH, or methylidyne radical), the carbon-hydrogen positive ion (CH+) and the carbon ion (C+)—are the result, in large part, of أشعة فوق البنفسجية from stars, rather than in other ways, such as the result of turbulent events related to مستعر أعظم and young stars, as thought earlier.[318]
13 October – Using 3D imaging techniques on 20 years of photographs by the مرصد هابل الفضائي, astronomers estimate there are 2 trillion مجرة in the كون منظور, about 10 times more than previously thought.[322][323][324]
17 October
A team at Australia's University of New South Wales create a new تراكب كمي that remains in a stable superposition for 10 times longer than previously achieved.[325]
NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) reports that September 2016 was the hottest September on record globally.[326]
18 October
A new automated system that can achieve parity with humans in conversational تعرف على الكلام is announced by researchers at Microsoft.[327][328]
Researchers at the University of Warwick discover the physical location of اضطراب اكتئابي in the human brain, which is found to affect the lateral قشرة جبهية حجاجية, implicated in non-reward.[329]
20 October – Researchers at James Cook University in Australia report that adding a type of dried عشب بحري (Asparagopsis taxiformis) to the diet of بقرة could reduce their emissions of methane by 50-70%.[333]
21 October – MIT announces a new record for plasma pressure in an Alcator C-Modتوكاماكاندماج نووي reactor, achieving over 2 atmospheres of pressure for the first time.[334]
25 October – Receiving the last bit of data (of a total of 50 billion bits of data; or 6.25 gigabytes) from the نيو هورايزونز spacecraft, from its close encounter with the كوكب قزمبلوتو on 14 July 2015, ends at 05:48 pm, ET on 25 October 2016. New Horizons is currently on a journey to 2014 MU69, a Classical Kuiper belt object, and is expected to swing closely past the object on 1 January 2019.[336]
27 October
The Living Planet assessment, by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and WWF, reports that vertebrate wildlife populations have fallen by 58% globally since 1970, and suggests this figure may reach two-thirds among vertebrates by 2020.[337]
Researchers use "neighbour maps" to reveal the shape of a مجموع مورثي in 3-D.[338]
Researchers at جامعة كاليفورنيا (سانتا باربرا) design a functional nanoscale computing element that could, in theory, be packed into a space no bigger than 50 nanometers on any side.[339]
Researchers in England identify the first known example of fossilised brain tissue in a dinosaur.[340]
31 October
A study by the Nature Conservancy claims an estimated 6.2 million lives will be lost to particulate matter each year by 2050, but this pollution can be reduced by 7 to 24 percent near شجرة, while the cooling effect is up to 2°C (3.6°F).[341][342]
Researchers at Penn State report a 1,000-fold increase in the scanning speed for 3-D printing, using a space-charge-controlled KTN beam deflector with a large electro-optic effect.[343]
November
1 November – Scientists at Rockefeller University use a technique called "light sculpting" to view the neurons of a mouse brain firing in real-time in 3-D.[344]
2 November – Construction of the مرصد جيمس ويب الفضائي primary mirror is completed, with launch due in 2018 following tests.[345][346]
Scientists publish early human results of a potent BACE1 inhibitor for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease.[348]
A study published in the journal Tobacco Control finds that graphic warnings on سيجارة packs could prevent 652,000 deaths in the U.S. over the next 50 years.[349]
At a conference in San Diego, أدوبي سيستمز demonstrates audio software that accurately replicates any person's voice, thus potentially rewriting what an original speaker has actually said.[350]
4 November – Researchers in the UK announce a genetically modified "superقمح" that increases the efficiency of تركيب ضوئي to boost yields by 20 to 40 percent.[351] Field trials are expected in 2017.[352]
6 November – The الاتحاد الفلكي الدولي approves the name Rigil Kentaurus for رجل القنطور A. This follows the naming of Proxima Centauri for Alpha Centauri C on 21 August 2016.[353]
8 November
New data released by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) shows that the five years from 2011 to 2015 were the warmest on record, largely due to human activities, with 2016 likely to be even hotter.[354][355][356]
Lab-grown mini lungs, developed from stem cells, are successfully transplanted into mice by researchers at the University of Michigan Health System.[357]
9 November
The University of Oxford AI Lab presents "LipNet", a new AI algorithm capable of lip-reading up to 40% more accurately than a real person.[358][359]
The previous upper estimate of global warming by 2100 is raised from 4.8°C to 7.36°C, in a study published by the University of Hawaii.[360]
11 November – Researchers at the University of Central Florida present research into solar nanotech-powered clothing.[361]
13 November – The University of East Anglia reports that global emissions of CO2 did not grow in 2015 and are projected to rise only slightly in 2016, marking three years of almost no growth.[362]
14 November – A قمر عملاق occurs, as the full Moon comes closer to the Earth than at any time since 1948.[363]
15 November – Scientists at Rockefeller University identify which genes in a microbe's genome ought to produce مضاد حيوي compounds and then synthesize those compounds to discover two promising new antibiotics.[364]
16 November
The الماسح الجيولوجي الأمريكي estimates there are 20 billion barrels of oil in Texas' Wolfcamp Shale Formation, the largest estimate of continuous oil that USGS has ever assessed in the United States.[365]
Researchers at the معهد سولك للدراسات البيولوجية use a new gene-editing technology known as HITI, which is based on كريسبر, to partially restore vision in blind animals. Their technique is the first time a new gene has been inserted into a precise DNA location in adult cells that no longer divide, such as those of the eye, brain, pancreas or heart.[366][367]
18 November – Researchers from Caltech and UCLA develop a technique to remove mutated DNA from mitochondria, which could help slow or reverse an important cause of aging.[368]
21 November – Researchers use human pluripotent stem cells to grow human intestinal tissues with functioning nerves, then use these to recreate and study a severe intestinal nerve disorder called Hirschsprung’s disease.[369]
Researchers create the first living cells that form silicon-carbon bonds. The responsible protein does it more efficiently than any synthetic catalyst.[373]
Scientists behind a theory that the سرعة الضوء is variable – and not constant as Einstein suggested – produce a model with an exact figure on the spectral index that they say is testable.[374]
Researchers trace the origin of a 2015 iceberg to a deep subsurface rift opening within the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the first time this has been observed.[377]
29 November – A study finds that higher water temperatures during 2016 caused the worst destruction of corals ever recorded on Australia's الحيد المرجاني العظيم, with 67% dying in the worst-hit northern section.[380][381]
30 November
Thomas Crowther et al. report that increasing soil respiration alone will add between 0.45 and 0.71 parts per million of CO2 to the atmosphere every year until 2050. This will cause at least 55 gigatons of carbon to be lost from the soil by mid-century, equivalent to another industrialised country the size of the United States.[382][383][384]
Researchers calculate the weight of Earth's Novel ecosystem as 30 trillion tons, a mass greater than 50 kilos for every square metre of the planet's surface.[385]
December
5 December – Researchers at Harvard discover a causal link between حمض نووي ريبوزي splicing and شيخوخة.[386]
6 December
Researchers at جامعة كاليفورنيا (بركلي) design a wall-jumping روبوت known as Salto, which is described as the most vertically agile robot ever built.[387]
The الاتحاد الدولي لحفظ الطبيعة (IUCN) announces that giraffe populations declined from 155,000 in 1985 to 97,000 in 2015. Their conservation status is moved from "least concern" to "vulnerable".[389][390]
9 December – Researchers at Tohoku University in Japan demonstrate a super flexible liquid crystal (LC) device, which could make electronic displays and devices more flexible, increasing their portability and versatility.[394]
12 December
Harvard researchers identify an هباء جوي that could, in theory, be injected into the ستراتوسفير to cool the planet from greenhouse gases, while also repairing أوزون damage.[395]
A study of 37 mountain glaciers around the world is published, concluding with 99% certainty that climate change is driving their retreat.[396][397]
13 December – The world's largest wild رنة herd is reported to have fallen in population by 40% since 2000, due to rising temperatures and human activity, causing the animals to change their annual migration patterns.[398] A separate study reveals that reindeer on سفالبارد have got smaller and lighter, by around 12%, due to diminishing food supplies.[399]
14 December – A study published in Nature finds the فرس البحر genome to be the most rapidly evolving fish genome studied so far.[400]
15 December – Scientists use a new form of علاج جيني to partially reverse aging in mice. After six weeks of treatment, the animals looked younger, had straighter spines and better cardiovascular health, healed quicker when injured, and lived 30% longer.[401][402]
19 December
An iron 'jet stream' is detected in Earth's outer core, moving westwards under Alaska and Siberia, inferred from measurements made by Europe’s Swarm satellites.[403]
Scientists warn that deep sea mining threatens a newly discovered species of octopod, nicknamed 'Casper'.[404][405]
The ALPHA experiment at CERN observes the light spectrum of مادة مضادة for the first time.[406]
The genome of the مران عالي (Fraxinus excelsior) is sequenced for the first time.[411]
فهد populations are reported to be crashing, with just 7,100 left in the wild. The study authors warn that the animals are "much more vulnerable to extinction than was previously thought" and recommend a "paradigm shift in conservation".[412]
Researchers at Tufts University create Programmable matter silk-based materials with embedded, pre-designed functions.[413]
29 December
ناسا astronomers report the detection of two new objects which are both expected to pass safely by the Earth in January and February 2017: a "relatively large" كويكب named 2016 WF9 and a مذنب named C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE).[414]
NASA reveals a potential habitat design for colonists on المريخ, which offers shielding from extreme temperatures and radiation by using inflatable domes covered in ice.[415]
^"متى شرب الإنسان الشاي أول مرة؟". alarabiya.net. العربية.نت. 28 يناير 2016. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-01-22. وتحدث الباحثون في الدراسة أيضا عن بقايا أخرى قد تكون بقايا شاي تعود إلى العام 200 بعد الميلاد عثر عليها في مقابر في غرب التيبت.
وجاء في بيان صادر عن الباحثين "تشير دراستنا إلى أن أباطرة أسرة هان شربوا الشاي قبل 2100 عام"، وأن الشاي دخل إلى التيبت قبل 1800 عام، في ما يدل على أن "أحد طرق الحرير في تلك الحقبة كان يمر غرب التيبت".{{استشهاد ويب}}: line feed character في |اقتباس= في مكان 128 (مساعدة)
^Tsujimoto، Megumu؛ Imura، Satoshi؛ Kanda، Hiroshi (2015). "Recovery and reproduction of an Antarctic tardigrade retrieved from a moss sample frozen for over 30 years". Cryobiology. ج. 72 ع. 1: 78–81. DOI:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.12.003. PMID:26724522.
^Myhrvold، Nathan (23 مايو 2016). "Asteroid thermal modeling in the presence of reflected sunlight with an application to WISE/NEOWISE observational data". arXiv:1605.06490v2. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: الاستشهاد بدورية محكمة يطلب |دورية محكمة= (مساعدة)
^Christopher J. Conselice؛ وآخرون (2016). "The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at z < 8 and its Implications". The Astrophysical Journal. ج. 830 ع. 2: 83. arXiv:1607.03909v2. DOI:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83. {{استشهاد بدورية محكمة}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (مساعدة)صيانة الاستشهاد: دوي مجاني غير معلم (link)
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